Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Mechatronik
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- Gamification (3)
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- IO-Link (2)
- L-PBF (2)
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Laser-based Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes for the use of metals out of the powder bed have been investigated profusely and are prevalent in industry. Although there is a broad field of application, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), also known as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of glass is not fully developed yet. The material properties of glass are significantly different from the investigated metallic material for LPBF so far. As such, the process cannot be transferred, and the parameter limits and the process sequence must be redefined for glass. Starting with the characterization of glass powders, a parameter field is initially confined to investigate the process parameter of different glass powder using LPBFprocess. A feasibility study is carried out to process borosilicate glass powder. The effects of process parameters on the dimensional accuracy of fabricated parts out of borosilicate and hints for the post-processing are analysed and presented in this paper.
The implementation of IO-Link in the automation industry has increased over the years. Its main advantage is it offers a digital point-to-point plugand-play interface for any type of device or application. This simplifies the communication between devices and increases productivity with its different features like self-parametrization and maintenance. However, its complete potential is not always used.
The aim of this paper is to create an Arduino based framework for the development of generic IO-Link devices and increase its implementation for rapid prototyping. By generating the IO device description file (IODD) from a graphical user interface, and further customizable options for the device application, the end-user can intuitively develop generic IO-Link devices. The peculiarity of this framework relies on its simplicity and abstraction which allows to implement any sensor functionality and virtually connect any type of device to an IO-Link master. This work consists of the general overview of the framework, the technical background of its development and a proof of concept which demonstrates the workflow for its implementation.
The increasing digitalization brings new opportunities but also puts new challenges to modern industrial systems. Software agents are one of the key technologies towards self-optimizing factories and are currently used to address the needs of cyber-physical production systems (CPPS). However their interplay in industrial settings needs to be understood better.This paper focusses on securing a cloud infrastructure for multi-agent systems for industrial sites. An industrial site contains multiple production processes that need to communicate with each other and each physical resource is abstracted with a software agent. This volatile architecture needs to be managed and protected from manipulation. The proposed infrastructure presents a security concept for TCP/IP communication between agents, machines, and external networks. It is based on open-source software and tested on a three-node edge cloud controlling a model-plant.
In the study, the process chain of additive manufacturing by means of powder bed fusion will be presented based on the material glass. In order to reliably process components additively, new concepts with different solutions were developed and investigated.
Compared to established metallic materials, the properties of glass materials differ significantly. Therefore, the process control was adapted to the material glass in the investigations. With extensive parameter studies based on various glass powders such as borosilicate glass and quartz glass, scientifically proven results on powder bed fusion of glass are presented. Based on the determination of the particle properties with different methods, extensive investigations are made regarding the melting behavior of glass by means of laser beams. Furthermore, the experimental setup was steadily expanded. In addition to the integration of coaxial temperature measurement and regulation, preheating of the building platform is of major importance. This offers the possibility to perform 3D printing at the transformation temperatures of the glass materials. To improve the component’s properties, the influence of a subsequent heat treatment was also investigated.
The experience gained was incorporated into a new experimental system, which allows a much better exploration of the 3D printing of glass. Currently, studies are being conducted to improve surface texture, building accuracy, and geometrical capabilities using three-dimensional specimen.
The contribution shows the development of research in the field of 3D printing of glass, gives an insight into the machine and process engineering as well as an outlook on the possibilities and applications.
This paper presents the laser-based powder bed fusion (L-PBF) using various glass powders (borosilicate and quartz glass). Compared to metals, these require adapted process strategies. First, the glass powders were characterized with regard to their material properties and their processability in the powder bed. This was followed by investigations of the melting behavior of the glass powders with different laser wavelengths (10.6 µm, 1070 nm). In particular, the experimental setup of a CO2 laser was adapted for the processing of glass powder. An experimental setup with integrated coaxial temperature measurement/control and an inductively heatable build platform was created. This allowed the L-PBF process to be carried out at the transformation temperature of the glasses. Furthermore, the component’s material quality was analyzed on three-dimensional test specimen with regard to porosity, roughness, density and geometrical accuracy in order to evaluate the developed L-PBF parameters and to open up possible applications.
Adapting augmented reality systems to the users’ needs using gamification and error solving methods
(2021)
Animations of virtual items in AR support systems are typically predefined and lack interactions with dynamic physical environments. AR applications rarely consider users’ preferences and do not provide customized spontaneous support under unknown situations. This research focuses on developing adaptive, error-tolerant AR systems based on directed acyclic graphs and error resolving strategies. Using this approach, users will have more freedom of choice during AR supported work, which leads to more efficient workflows. Error correction methods based on CAD models and predefined process data create individual support possibilities. The framework is implemented in the Industry 4.0 model factory at FH Aachen.
The fourth industrial revolution presents a multitude of challenges for industries, one of which being the increased flexibility required of manufacturing lines as a result of increased consumer demand for individualised products. One solution to tackle this challenge is the digital twin, more specifically the standardised model of a digital twin also known as the asset administration shell. The standardisation of an industry wide communications tool is a critical step in enabling inter-company operations. This paper discusses the current state of asset administration shells, the frameworks used to host them and their problems that need to be addressed. To tackle these issues, we propose an event-based server capable of drastically reducing response times between assets and asset administration shells and a multi-agent system used for the orchestration and deployment of the shells in the field.
The recent amendment to the Ethernet physical layer known as the IEEE 802.3cg specification, allows to connect devices up to a distance of one kilometer and delivers a maximum of 60 watts of power over a twisted pair of wires. This new standard, also known as 10BASE-TIL, promises to overcome the limits of current physical layers used for field devices and bring them a step closer to Ethernet-based applications. The main advantage of 10BASE- TIL is that it can deliver power and data over the same line over a long distance, where traditional solutions (e.g., CAN, IO-Link, HART) fall short and cannot match its 10 Mbps bandwidth. Due to its recentness, IOBASE- TIL is still not integrated into field devices and it has been less than two years since silicon manufacturers released the first Ethernet-PHY chips. In this paper, we present a design proposal on how field devices could be integrated into a IOBASE-TIL smart switch that allows plug-and-play connectivity for sensors and actuators and is compliant with the Industry 4.0 vision. Instead of presenting a new field-level protocol for this work, we have decided to adopt the IO-Link specification which already includes a plug-and-play approach with features such as diagnosis and device configuration. The main objective of this work is to explore how field devices could be integrated into 10BASE-TIL Ethernet, its adaption with a well-known protocol, and its integration with Industry 4.0 technologies.