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Solar sails are large and lightweight reflective structures that are propelled by solar radiation pressure. This chapter covers their orbital and attitude dynamics and control. First, the advantages and limitations of solar sails are discussed and their history and development status is outlined. Because the dynamics of solar sails is governed by the (thermo-)optical properties of the sail film, the basic solar radiation pressure force models have to be described and compared before parameters to measure solar sail performance can be defined. The next part covers the orbital dynamics of solar sails for heliocentric motion, planetocentric motion, and motion at Lagrangian equilibrium points. Afterwards, some advanced solar radiation pressure force models are described, which allow to quantify the thrust force on solar sails of arbitrary shape, the effects of temperature, of light incidence angle, of surface roughness, and the effects of optical degradation of the sail film in the space environment. The orbital motion of a solar sail is strongly coupled to its rotational motion, so that the attitude control of these soft and flexible structures is very challenging, especially for planetocentric orbits that require fast attitude maneuvers. Finally, some potential attitude control methods are sketched and selection criteria are given.
Subject of this case is Deutsche Telekom Services Europe (DTSE), a service center for administrative processes. Due to the high volume of repetitive tasks (e.g., 100k manual uploads of offer documents into SAP per year), automation was identified as an important strategic target with a high management attention and commitment. DTSE has to work with various backend application systems without any possibility to change those systems. Furthermore, the complexity of administrative processes differed. When it comes to the transfer of unstructured data (e.g., offer documents) to structured data (e.g., MS Excel files), further cognitive technologies were needed.
Robotic process automation (RPA) has attracted increasing attention in research and practice. This chapter positions, structures, and frames the topic as an introduction to this book. RPA is understood as a broad concept that comprises a variety of concrete solutions. From a management perspective RPA offers an innovative approach for realizing automation potentials, whereas from a technical perspective the implementation based on software products and the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are relevant. RPA is industry-independent and can be used, for example, in finance, telecommunications, and the public sector. With respect to RPA this chapter discusses definitions, related approaches, a structuring framework, a research framework, and an inside as well as outside architectural view. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the book combined with short summaries of each chapter.
Im Rahmen der digitalen Transformation werden innovative Technologiekonzepte, wie z. B. das Internet der Dinge und Cloud Computing als Treiber für weitreichende Veränderungen von Organisationen und Geschäftsmodellen angesehen. In diesem Kontext ist Robotic Process Automation (RPA) ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Prozessautomatisierung, bei dem manuelle Tätigkeiten durch sogenannte Softwareroboter erlernt und automatisiert ausgeführt werden. Dabei emulieren Softwareroboter die Eingaben auf der bestehenden Präsentationsschicht, so dass keine Änderungen an vorhandenen Anwendungssystemen notwendig sind. Die innovative Idee ist die Transformation der bestehenden Prozessausführung von manuell zu digital, was RPA von traditionellen Ansätzen des Business Process Managements (BPM) unterscheidet, bei denen z. B. prozessgetriebene
Anpassungen auf Ebene der Geschäftslogik notwendig sind. Am Markt werden bereits unterschiedliche RPA-Lösungen als Softwareprodukte angeboten. Gerade bei operativen Prozessen mit sich wiederholenden Verarbeitungsschritten in unterschiedlichen Anwendungssystemen sind gute Ergebnisse durch RPA dokumentiert, wie z. B. die Automatisierung von 35 % der Backoffice-Prozesse bei Telefonica. Durch den vergleichsweise niedrigen Implementierungsaufwand verbunden mit einem hohen Automatisierungspotenzial ist in der Praxis (z. B. Banken, Telekommunikation, Energieversorgung) ein hohes Interesse an RPA vorhanden. Der Beitrag diskutiert RPA als innovativen Ansatz zur
Prozessdigitalisierung und gibt konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis. Dazu wird zwischen modellgetriebenen und selbstlernenden Ansätzen unterschieden. Anhand von generellen Architekturen von RPA-Systemen werden Anwendungsszenarien sowie deren Automatisierungspotenziale, aber auch Einschränkungen, diskutiert. Es folgt ein strukturierter Marktüberblick ausgewählter RPA-Produkte. Anhand von drei konkreten Anwendungsbeispielen wird die Nutzung von RPA in der Praxis verdeutlicht.
Because of customer churn, strong competition, and operational inefficiencies, the telecommunications operator ME Telco (fictitious name due to confidentiality) launched a strategic transformation program that included a Business Process Management (BPM) project. Major problems were silo-oriented process management and missing cross-functional transparency. Process improvements were not consistently planned and aligned with corporate targets. Measurable inefficiencies were observed on an operational level, e.g., high lead times and reassignment rates of the incident management process.
Intelligent autonomous software robots replacing human activities and performing administrative processes are reality in today’s corporate world. This includes, for example, decisions about invoice payments, identification of customers for a marketing campaign, and answering customer complaints. What happens if such a software robot causes a damage? Due to the complete absence of human activities, the question is not trivial. It could even happen that no one is liable for a damage towards a third party, which could create an uncalculatable legal risk for business partners. Furthermore, the implementation and operation of those software robots involves various stakeholders, which result in the unsolvable endeavor of identifying the originator of a damage. Overall it is advisable to all involved parties to carefully consider the legal situation. This chapter discusses the liability of software robots from an interdisciplinary perspective. Based on different technical scenarios the legal aspects of liability are discussed.