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In: Technical feasibility and reliability of passive safety systems for nuclear power plants. Proceedings of an Advisory Group Meeting held in Jülich, 21-24 November 1994. - Vienna , 1996. - Seite: 43 - 55 IAEA-TECDOC-920 Abstract: It is shown that the difficulty for probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) is the general problem of the high reliability of a small population. There is no way around the problem as yet. Therefore what PFM can contribute to the reliability of steel pressure boundaries is demonstrated with the example of a typical reactor pressure vessel and critically discussed. Although no method is distinguishable that could give exact failure probabilities, PFM has several additional chances. Upper limits for failure probability may be obtained together with trends for design and operating conditions. Further, PFM can identify the most sensitive parameters, improved control of which would increase reliability. Thus PFM should play a vital role in the analysis of steel pressure boundaries despite all shortcomings.
Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Multi-level Technology Transfer Infrastructure 2.1 Level 1: University Education – Encourage the Idea of becoming an Entrepreneur 2.2 Level 2: Post Graduate Education – Improve your skills and focus it on a product family. 2.3 Level 3: Birth of a Company – Focus your skills on a product and a market segment. 2.4 Level 4: Ready to stand alone – Set up your own business 2.5 Level 5: Grow to be Strong – Develop your business 2.6 Level 6: Competitive and independent – Stay innovative. 3. Samples 3.1 Sample 1: Laser Processing and Consulting Centre, LBBZ 3.2 Sample 2: Prototyping Centre, CP 4. Funding - Waste money or even lost Money? 5. Conclusion
One of the most important parameters in a burning chamber - in power stations, in waste to energy plants - is the temperature. This temperature is in the range of 700-1500 °C - one of the most advanced measuring methods being the acoustic pyrometry with the possibility of producing temperature mapping in one level of the burning chamber - comparable to computer tomography. The results of these measurements discussed in the presentation can be used - to fulfil the legal requirements in the FRG or in the EU - to equalise the temperature in one level of the burning chamber to optimise the steam production (better efficiency of the plant) and to minimise the production of temperature controlled flue gas components (NO, CO a. o.) - to control the SNCR-process if used.
The Ministry of Science and Research in North Rhine-Westphalia created eight platforms of excellence, one in the research area „Energy and Environment“ in 2002 at ACUAS. This platform concentrates the research and development of 13 professors in Jülich and Aachen and of two scientific institutes with different topics: – NOWUM-Energy with emphasis on efficient and economic energy conversion – The Solar Institute Jülich – SIJ – being the largest research institute in the field of renewables at a University of Applied Sciences in Germany With this platform each possible energy conversion – nuclear, fossil, renewable- can be dealt with to help solving the two most important problems of mankind, energy and potable water. At the CSE are presented the historical development, some research results and the combined master studies in „Energy Systems“ and „Nuclear Applications“
This paper reports a first microbial biosensor for rapid and cost-effective determination of organophosphorus pesticides fenitrothion and EPN. The biosensor consisted of recombinant PNP-degrading/oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas putida JS444 anchoring and displaying organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) on its cell surface as biological sensing element and a dissolved oxygen electrode as the transducer. Surfaceexpressed OPH catalyzed the hydrolysis of fenitrothion and EPN to release 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol, respectively, which were oxidized by the enzymatic machinery of Pseudomonas putida JS444 to carbon dioxide while consuming oxygen, which was measured and correlated to the concentration of organophosphates. Under the optimum operating conditions, the biosensor was able to measure as low as 277 ppb of fenitrothion and 1.6 ppm of EPN without interference from phenolic compounds and other commonly used pesticides such as carbamate pesticides, triazine herbicides and organophosphate pesticides without nitrophenyl substituent. The applicability of the biosensor to lake water was also demonstrated.
This paper presents a two-dimensional-in-space mathematical model of biosensors based on an array of enzyme microreactors immobilised on a single electrode. The modeling system acts under amperometric conditions. The microreactors were modeled by particles and by strips. The model is based on the diffusion equations containing a nonlinear term related to the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the enzymatic reaction. The model involves three regions: an array of enzyme microreactors where enzyme reaction as well as mass transport by diffusion takes place, a diffusion limiting region where only the diffusion takes place, and a convective region, where the analyte concentration is maintained constant. Using computer simulation, the influence of the geometry of the microreactors and of the diffusion region on the biosensor response was investigated. The digital simulation was carried out using the finite difference technique.
The applicability of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at a non-toxic meniscus-modified silver solid amalgam electrode (m-AgSAE) for the determination of trace amounts of genotoxic substances was demonstrated on the determination of micromolar and submicromolar concentrations of 3-nitrofluoranthene using methanol - 0.01 mol L-1 NaOH (9:1) mixture as a base electrolyte and of Ostazine Orange using 0.01 mol L-1 NaOH as a base electrolyte.
Novel organic membrane-based thin-film microsensors for the determination of heavy metal cations
(2006)
A first step towards the fabrication and electrochemical evaluation of thin-film microsensors based on organic PVC membranes for the determination of Hg(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions in solutions has been realised. The membrane-coating mixture used in the preparation of this new type of microsensors is incorporating PVC as supporting matrix, o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE) as solvent mediator and a recently synthesized Hg[dimethylglyoxime(phene)]2+ and Bis-(4-hydroxyacetophenone)-ethylenediamine as electroactive materials for Hg(II) and Cd(II), respectively. A set of three commercialised ionophores for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) has been also used for comparison. Thin-film microsensors based on these membranes showed a Nernstian response of slope (26-30 mV/dec.) for the respective tested cations. The potentiometric response characteristics (linear range, pH range, detection limit and response time) are comparable with those obtained by conventional membranes as well as coated wire electrodes prepared from the same membrane. The realisation of the new organic membrane-based thin-film microsensors overcomes the problem of an insufficient selectivity of solid-state-based thinfilm sensors.
In this paper, methods of sample preparation for potentiometric measurement of phenylalanine are presented. Basing on the spectrophotometric measurements of phenylalanine, the concentrations of reagents of the enzymatic reaction (10 mM L-Phe, 0,4 mM NAD+, 2U L-PheDH) were determined. Then, the absorption spectrum of the reaction product, NADH, was monitored (maximum peak at 340 nm). The results obtained by the spectrophotometric method were compared with the results obtained by the colourimetry, using pH indicators. The above-mentioned two methods will be used as references for potentiometric measurements of phenylalanine concentration.
Hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of undecanoate-capped magnetite (Fe3O4, average diameter ca. 5 nm) are used to control quantized electron transfer to surface-confined redox units and metal NPs. A two-phase system consisting of an aqueous electrolyte solution and a toluene phase that includes the suspended undecanoatecapped magnetic NPs is used to control the interfacial properties of the electrode surface. The attracted magnetic NPs form a hydrophobic layer on the electrode surface resulting in the change of the mechanisms of the surface-confined electrochemical processes. A quinone-monolayer modified Au electrode demonstrates an aqueous-type of the electrochemical process (2e-+2H+ redox mechanism) for the quinone units in the absence of the hydrophobic magnetic NPs, while the attraction of the magnetic NPs to the surface results in the stepwise single-electron transfer mechanism characteristic of a dry nonaqueous medium. Also, the attraction of the hydrophobic magnetic NPs to the Au electrode surface modified with Au NPs (ca. 1.4 nm) yields a microenvironment with a low dielectric constant that results in the single-electron quantum charging of the Au NPs.