Refine
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (5464)
- Conference Proceeding (1393)
- Book (1056)
- Part of a Book (544)
- Patent (172)
- Bachelor Thesis (156)
- Report (81)
- Doctoral Thesis (78)
- Other (68)
- Contribution to a Periodical (19)
- Master's Thesis (17)
- Review (17)
- Working Paper (8)
- Talk (5)
- Habilitation (4)
- Preprint (4)
- Diploma Thesis (3)
- Poster (3)
- Part of Periodical (2)
- Examination Thesis (1)
Language
Has Fulltext
- no (9096) (remove)
Keywords
- Corporate Design (9)
- Illustration (9)
- Erscheinungsbild (8)
- Gamification (8)
- Nachhaltigkeit (8)
- Redesign (7)
- Animation (6)
- Datenschutz (6)
- Digitalisierung (6)
- avalanche (6)
- App (5)
- Earthquake (5)
- Editorial (5)
- Enterprise Architecture (5)
- Fotografie (5)
- Geschichte (5)
- MINLP (5)
- solar sail (5)
- Aktionskunst (4)
- Design (4)
Institute
- Fachbereich Medizintechnik und Technomathematik (1907)
- Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (1116)
- Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften (1100)
- Fachbereich Energietechnik (1056)
- Fachbereich Chemie und Biotechnologie (829)
- Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Mechatronik (799)
- Fachbereich Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik (749)
- Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen (658)
- IfB - Institut für Bioengineering (623)
- INB - Institut für Nano- und Biotechnologien (584)
- Solar-Institut Jülich (334)
- Fachbereich Gestaltung (333)
- Fachbereich Architektur (161)
- ECSM European Center for Sustainable Mobility (106)
- MASKOR Institut für Mobile Autonome Systeme und Kognitive Robotik (66)
- Nowum-Energy (64)
- ZHQ - Bereich Hochschuldidaktik und Evaluation (62)
- Institut fuer Angewandte Polymerchemie (32)
- Sonstiges (24)
- IBB - Institut für Baustoffe und Baukonstruktionen (21)
- Freshman Institute (19)
- Kommission für Forschung und Entwicklung (18)
- Verwaltung (11)
- IaAM - Institut für angewandte Automation und Mechatronik (4)
- FH Aachen (3)
- IMP - Institut für Mikrowellen- und Plasmatechnik (3)
- Arbeitsstelle fuer Hochschuldidaktik und Studienberatung (2)
- Datenverarbeitungszentrale (1)
- Digitalisierung in Studium & Lehre (1)
Does stiffer electoral competition reduce political shirking? For a micro-analysis of this question, I construct a new data set spanning the years 2005 to 2012 covering biographical and political information about German Members of Parliament (MPs), including their attendance rates in voting sessions. For the parliament elected in 2009, I show that indeed opposition party MPs who expect to face a close race in their district show significantly and relevantly lower absence rates in parliament beforehand. MPs of governing parties seem not to react significantly to electoral competition. These results are confirmed by an analysis of the parliament elected in 2005, by several robustness checks, and also by employing an instrumental variable strategy exploiting convenient peculiarities of the German electoral system. The study also shows how MPs elected via party lists react to different levels of electoral competition.
Vorbemerkung vor § 1353
(2014)
Vorbemerkung vor § 1297
(2014)
Einleitung vor § 1297
(2014)
In humans, 75% of all drugs are metabolized by the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system. Enzymes encoded by the CYP2C, CYP2D, and CYP3A gene clusters account for ∼80% of this activity. There are profound species differences in the multiplicity of cytochrome P450 enzymes, and the use of mouse models to predict pathways of drug metabolism is further complicated by overlapping substrate specificity between enzymes from different gene families. To establish the role of the hepatic and extrahepatic P450 system in drug and foreign chemical disposition, drug efficacy, and toxicity, we created a unique mouse model in which 30 cytochrome P450 genes from the Cyp2c, Cyp2d, and Cyp3a gene clusters have been deleted. Remarkably, despite a wide range of putative important endogenous functions, Cyp2c/2d/3a KO mice were viable and fertile, demonstrating that these genes have evolved primarily as detoxification enzymes. Although there was no overt phenotype, detailed examination showed Cyp2c/2d/3a KO mice had a smaller body size (15%) and larger livers (20%). Changes in hepatic morphology and a decreased blood glucose (30%) were also noted. A five-drug cocktail of cytochrome P450 isozyme probe substrates were used to evaluate changes in drug pharmacokinetics; marked changes were observed in either the pharmacokinetics or metabolites formed from Cyp2c, Cyp2d, and Cyp3a substrates, whereas the metabolism of the Cyp1a substrate caffeine was unchanged. Thus, Cyp2c/2d/3a KO mice provide a powerful model to study the in vivo role of the P450 system in drug metabolism and efficacy, as well as in chemical toxicity.
The necessity of e-books as a primary of learning, its opportunities for realization of competence during training biologist and biotechnologist specialists are determined. Definitions and requirements to the e-books, its advantages in comparison with traditional textbooks, and the ways of creation of e-books in the SunRav BookEditor program are considered.
The scope of this study is the measurement of endotoxin adsorption rate for carbonized rice husk. It showed good adsorption properties for LPS. During the batch experiments, several techniques were used and optimized for improving the material’s adsorption behavior. Also, with the results obtained it was possible to differentiate the materials according to their adsorption capacity and kinetic characteristics.
1. Drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters play important roles in the absorption, metabolism, tissue distribution and excretion of various compounds and their metabolites and thus can significantly affect their efficacy and safety. Furthermore, they can be involved in drug–drug interactions which can result in adverse responses, life-threatening toxicity or impaired efficacy. Significant species differences in the interaction of compounds with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters have been described.
2. In order to overcome the limitation of animal models in accurately predicting human responses, a large variety of mouse models humanized for drug metabolizing enzymes and to a lesser extent drug transporters have been created.
3. This review summarizes the literature describing these mouse models and their key applications in studying the role of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in drug bioavailability, tissue distribution, clearance and drug–drug interactions as well as in human metabolite testing and risk assessment.
4. Though such humanized mouse models have certain limitations, there is great potential for their use in basic research and for testing and development of new medicines. These limitations and future potentials will be discussed.