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New information regarding the influence of a stepped chute on the hydraulic performance of the United States Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) Type III hydraulic jump stilling basin is presented for design (steady) and adverse (decreasing tailwater) conditions. Using published experimental data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, this paper presents a detailed comparison between smooth-chute and stepped-chute configurations for chute slopes of 0.8H:1V and 4H:1V and Froude numbers (F) ranging from 3.1 to 9.5 for a Type III basin designed for F = 8. For both stepped and smooth chutes, the relative role of each basin element was quantified, up to the most hydraulic extreme case of jump sweep-out. It was found that, relative to a smooth chute, the turbulence generated by a stepped chute causes a higher maximum velocity decay within the stilling basin, which represents an enhancement of the Type III basin’s performance but also a change in the relative role of the basin elements. Results provide insight into the ability of the CFD models [unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with renormalization group (RNG) k-ϵ turbulence model and volume-of-fluid (VOF) for free surface tracking] to predict the transient basin flow structure and velocity profiles. Type III basins can perform adequately with a stepped chute despite the effects steps have on the relative role of each basin element. It is concluded that the classic Type III basin design, based upon methodology by reclamation specific to smooth chutes, can be hydraulically improved for the case of stepped chutes for design and adverse flow conditions using the information presented herein.
Unsteady shallow meandering flows in rectangular reservoirs: a modal analysis of URANS modelling
(2022)
Shallow flows are common in natural and human-made environments. Even for simple rectangular shallow reservoirs, recent laboratory experiments show that the developing flow fields are particularly complex, involving large-scale turbulent structures. For specific combinations of reservoir size and hydraulic conditions, a meandering jet can be observed. While some aspects of this pseudo-2D flow pattern can be reproduced using a 2D numerical model, new 3D simulations, based on the unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, show consistent advantages as presented herein. A Proper Orthogonal Decomposition was used to characterize the four most energetic modes of the meandering jet at the free surface level, allowing comparison against experimental data and 2D (depth-averaged) numerical results. Three different isotropic eddy viscosity models (RNG k-ε, k-ε, k-ω) were tested. The 3D models accurately predicted the frequency of the modes, whereas the amplitudes of the modes and associated energy were damped for the friction-dominant cases and augmented for non-frictional ones. The performance of the three turbulence models remained essentially similar, with slightly better predictions by RNG k-ε model in the case with the highest Reynolds number. Finally, the Q-criterion was used to identify vortices and study their dynamics, assisting on the identification of the differences between: i) the three-dimensional phenomenon (here reproduced), ii) its two-dimensional footprint in the free surface (experimental observations) and iii) the depth-averaged case (represented by 2D models).
Turbulent dispersion in bounded horizontal jets : RANS capabilities and physical modeling comparison
(2016)
Robust estimators for free surface turbulence characterization: A stepped spillway application
(2020)
Robust estimators are parameters insensitive to the presence of outliers. However, they presume the shape of the variables’ probability density function. This study exemplifies the sensitivity of turbulent quantities to the use of classic and robust estimators and the presence of outliers in turbulent flow depth time series. A wide range of turbulence quantities was analysed based upon a stepped spillway case study, using flow depths sampled with Acoustic Displacement Meters as the flow variable of interest. The studied parameters include: the expected free surface level, the expected fluctuation intensity, the depth skewness, the autocorrelation timescales, the vertical velocity fluctuation intensity, the perturbations celerity and the one-dimensional free surface turbulence spectrum. Three levels of filtering were utilised prior to applying classic and robust estimators, showing that comparable robustness can be obtained either using classic estimators together with an intermediate filtering technique or using robust estimators instead, without any filtering technique.