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Modeling contribution to risk assessment of thermal production power for geothermal reservoirs
(2013)
Alte, geschichtsrelevante und thematisch angeordnete Objekte, welche man in den Vitrinen der Museen betrachten kann, das kennt sicher jeder. Doch wie kommen diese Artefakte eigentlich in die Vitrinen? Welche Menschen sind dafür verantwortlich, dass wir diese Kulturgüter bestaunen können? In diesem temporären Ausstellungskonzept für das Römisch-Germanische Museum Köln geht es darum, die sonst verborgene Arbeit der Restauratoren des Museums für die Besucher:innen sichtbar zu machen, ihnen genauere Einblicke in die Arbeit mit ihren Anforderungen zu geben und Restaurierungsprozesse auf zu zeigen. Diese Arbeit demonstriert, wie es abseits der Öffentlichkeit aussieht und wer dafür verantwortlich ist, dass wir einen Einblick in die vergangenen Zeit erhalten können. Das Projekt zeigt eine mögliche Bespielung des Museums, wie das Berufsbild der Restauratoren in die Dauerausstellung integriert werden könnte.
"Das Editorial greift die Thematik der aktuellen Klimakrise auf und beleuchtet diese im Bereich des nachhaltigen Bauens. Denn durch das stetige Wachstum der menschlichen Bevölkerung in Kombination mit dem Anstieg des Pro-Kopf-Verbrauchs werden globale Ressourcen immer stärker belastet. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die aktuelle Situation des Klimawandels aus einer Perspektive zu betrachten, der sich die meisten nicht bewusst sind. Denn besonders das Bauwesen trägt einen erheblichen Anteil zum Klimawandel bei. In der Publikation werden Texte zum Thema Klimawandel und nachhaltiges Bauen behandelt sowie fotografische Anwendungsbeispiele im Bereich der Bambus-Architektur gezeigt. Das Projekt präsentiert Lösungsansätze, wie herkömmliche Rohstoffe durch verarbeiteten Bambus ergänzt bzw. ersetzt werden können. Dadurch kann ein entscheidender Beitrag zur Bekämpfung des Klimawandels geleistet werden. Bambus bietet dahingehend viele Möglichkeiten. Bei richtiger Verarbeitung vereint er viele der geforderten Ansprüche nachhaltigen Bauens. Der Rohstoff ist stark und flexibel zugleich. Er bindet Kohlenstoff, reinigt kontaminierte Böden, beugt Erosionen vor und weist eine nahezu negative CO2-Bilanz auf. Wie kann es gelingen, diesen Rohstoff in westlichen Ländern als Baumaterial zu integrieren?"
The response of Bacillus licheniformis to heat and ethanol stress and the role of the SigB regulon
(2013)
Unsaid ist ein didaktisches Starterkit für offene Gespräche über Alltagssexismus mit einem Schwerpunkt auf sexueller Belästigung im öffentlichen Raum. Es beinhaltet mehrere Schritte – die Broschüre bietet euch das benötigte Wissen für einen konstruktiven Diskurs. Zusätzlich sind Karten mit Fragen enthalten, die dazu anregen, sexistische Denkmuster und Verhaltensweisen im Alltag zu erkennen und zu reflektieren. Und schließlich zeigt es konkrete Aktionen auf, wie ihr selbst aktiv werden und euch gegen sexistisches Verhalten aussprechen könnt. Das Kit ist darauf ausgerichtet, dass Lehrende an weiterführenden Schulen es in ihren Unterricht integrieren können. Ihr könnt es jedoch genauso gut unter euren Freund*innen, Kolleg*innen oder anderen Interessierten nutzen, um eure Meinungen und Erfahrungen miteinander zu teilen. Unsaid ist ein weiterer Schritt, um Alltagssexismus zu bekämpfen und eine Gesellschaft zu schaffen, in der Gleichberechtigung und Respekt selbstverständlich sind.
Implementation of gender and diversity perspectives in transport development plans in germany
(2020)
As mobility should ensure the accessibility to and participation in society, transport planning has to deal with a variety of gender and diversity categories affecting users’ mobility needs and patterns. Exemplified by an analysis of an instrument of transport development processes – German Transport Development Plans (TDPs) – we investigated to what extent diverse target groups and their mobility requirements are implemented in transport strategy papers. Research results illustrate a still-prevalent neglect of several relevant gender and diversity categories while prioritizing and focusing on eco-friendly topics. But how sustainable can transport be without facing the diversification of life circumstances?
Modenfilter als Schalldämpfer für axiale Turbomaschinen : Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Einsatzes
(1992)
Landslides, rock falls or related subaerial and subaqueous mass slides can generate devastating impulse waves in adjacent waterbodies. Such waves can occur in lakes and fjords, or due to glacier calving in bays or at steep ocean coastlines. Infrastructure and residential houses along coastlines of those waterbodies are often situated on low elevation terrain, and are potentially at risk from inundation. Impulse waves, running up a uniform slope and generating an overland flow over an initially dry adjacent horizontal plane, represent a frequently found scenario, which needs to be better understood for disaster planning and mitigation. This study presents a novel set of large-scale flume test focusing on solitary waves propagating over a 1:14.5 slope and breaking onto a horizontal section. Examining the characteristics of overland flow, this study gives, for the first time, insight into the fundamental process of overland flow of a broken solitary wave: its shape and celerity, as well as its momentum when wave breaking has taken place beforehand.
Objectives
Interest in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) at 7 T is motivated by the expected increase in spatial and temporal resolution, but the method is technically challenging. We examined the feasibility of cardiac chamber quantification at 7 T.
Methods
A stack of short axes covering the left ventricle was obtained in nine healthy male volunteers. At 1.5 T, steady-state free precession (SSFP) and fast gradient echo (FGRE) cine imaging with 7 mm slice thickness (STH) were used. At 7 T, FGRE with 7 mm and 4 mm STH were applied. End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, ejection fraction and mass were calculated.
Results
All 7 T examinations provided excellent blood/myocardium contrast for all slice directions. No significant difference was found regarding ejection fraction and cardiac volumes between SSFP at 1.5 T and FGRE at 7 T, while volumes obtained from FGRE at 1.5 T were underestimated. Cardiac mass derived from FGRE at 1.5 and 7 T was larger than obtained from SSFP at 1.5 T. Agreement of volumes and mass between SSFP at 1.5 T and FGRE improved for FGRE at 7 T when combined with an STH reduction to 4 mm.
Conclusions
This pilot study demonstrates that cardiac chamber quantification at 7 T using FGRE is feasible and agrees closely with SSFP at 1.5 T.
Jedes Jahr werden Hunderttausende Fahrradrahmen produziert. 90 % davon werden in Asien hergestellt und von dort über die ganze Welt versendet. Mehr als 80 % der Rahmen werden nach der Nutzung wieder nach Asien zurückgeschickt und landen dort auf riesigen Fahrradfriedhöfen. Das Kinderfahrradkonzept "KiBix" wirkt diesem Problem entgegen, indem es eine Alternative für das regelmäßige Kaufen von neuen Kinderfahrrädern bietet. Im Fokus stehen der Kinderfahrradrahmen und die Gabel aus Kunststoff, welche im Spritzgussverfahren produziert werden. Das City-Bike ist in ein Abo-Sharing-System mit Rädern in unterschiedlichen Größen eingebettet, welches durch eine monatliche Gebühr wie das Eigene genutzt werden kann. Der hohlgespritzte Rahmen ermöglicht die Integration kleiner Boxen im Inneren, in denen Kinder ihre persönlichen "Schätze" mitnehmen können. Somit vereint das Konzept die drei Segmente Material/Produktion, Sharing-System und die Mitnahme des "Schatzes". "KiBix" gibt Kindern in Zeiten der Digitalisierung und der globalen Erwärmung die Möglichkeit, selbstbestimmt und nachhaltig die Welt zu erkunden.
Fitted Fashion: Sizing-Lösung zur Steigerung der Konversion
& Reduzierung von E-Commerce-Retouren
(2021)
Die Zahl der Nutzenden beim Onlineshopping ist in den letzten Jahren deutlich gewachsen. Eines der größten Probleme dabei: Die Retouren. Sowohl die Wirtschaft als auch die Umwelt leiden darunter. Der Hauptgrund für Rücksendungen sind dabei Schwierigkeiten bei der Auswahl der individuell richtigen Größe.
Das Ziel dieses Projektes ist es daher, eine 3D-Körperscan-App zu erstellen. Mit dieser ist es möglich, einen auf die eigenen Körpermaße angepassten Avatar zu erstellen und eine angepasste Stilberatung für die jeweilige Körperform angeboten zu bekommen. Zudem gibt es eine Applikation in Form eines Software Development Kits, welches in Onlineshops eingebunden werden kann. Mit Hilfe der Applikation bekommen Konsumenten die richtige Größe auch beim Onlineshopping angezeigt und tätigen so weniger Fehlkäufe.
Dies bringt nicht nur Vorteile für die Umwelt mit sich und den Unternehmen eine massive Kostenersparnis durch die Einsparung von Retouren, Müll und Personal, sondern schlussendlich auch eine zufriedenere Kundschaft.
Die Graphic Novel „Traumspiel“ erzählt eine kindgerechte Fantasiegeschichte zum Thema Traum. Ansatz des Projektes war die Frage, wie wohl eine Welt aussähe, in der Träume eine greifbare Entität darstellen. Ziel war es, diese Welt und eine dort spielende Geschichte zu erschaffen und beides visuell in einer Graphic Novel zum Leben zu erwecken.
In „Traumspiel“ werden Menschen unwissentlich nachts in ein Traumland entführt, wo ihnen die Träume als Marionettentheater vorgespielt werden. Erzählt wird die Geschichte eines Kindes, das auf diese Weise je einen Traum und Albtraum erlebt.
Die Illustrationen sind mit Tusche gemalt. Durch die Beschränkung auf drei Farben werden verschiedene Aspekte der Geschichte visuell unterschieden.
Entstanden ist eine Graphic Novel, in der alle konzeptionellen und gestalterischen Entscheidungen aufeinander aufbauen, um eine spannende Geschichte zu erzählen.
Objectives
To assess the image quality of T2-weighted (T2w) magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate and the visibility of prostate cancer at 7 Tesla (T).
Materials & methods
Seventeen prostate cancer patients underwent T2w imaging at 7T with only an external transmit/receive array coil. Three radiologists independently scored images for image quality, visibility of anatomical structures, and presence of artefacts. Krippendorff’s alpha and weighted kappa statistics were used to assess inter-observer agreement. Visibility of prostate cancer lesions was assessed by directly linking the T2w images to the confirmed location of prostate cancer on histopathology.
Results
T2w imaging at 7T was achievable with ‘satisfactory’ (3/5) to ‘good’ (4/5) quality. Visibility of anatomical structures was predominantly scored as ‘satisfactory’ (3/5) and ‘good’ (4/5). If artefacts were present, they were mostly motion artefacts and, to a lesser extent, aliasing artefacts and noise. Krippendorff’s analysis revealed an α = 0.44 between three readers for the overall image quality scores. Clinically significant cancer lesions in both peripheral zone and transition zone were visible at 7T.
Conclusion
T2w imaging with satisfactory to good quality can be routinely acquired, and cancer lesions were visible in patients with prostate cancer at 7T using only an external transmit/receive body array coil.
Kindertagesstätten bieten Kleinkindern den Zugang zu unbeschwertem und spielerischem Lernen. Was also, wenn schon der Eingangsbereich die Reizüberflutung bereit hält, der Stauraum der Entfaltung der Kinder nicht gerecht wird und ihre Eigenständigkeit ungefördert bleibt? Es kommt zu unzufriedenen Kindern und Frustration aller Beteilligten. "KIWA" ist das Garderobensystem für Kinder zur Stärkung der heranwachsenden Selbstständigkeit. Mithilfe von persönlichen Wiedererkennungsmerkmalen wird Eigenverantwortung geschult. Leicht und sicher zu erreichender Stauraum sorgt für Ordnung. Spielerisches lernen trotz Ordnung.
Andere Primärenergiequellen
(1974)
The steel industry in the European Union (EU), important for the economy as a whole, faces various challenges. These are inter alia volatile prices for relevant input factors, uncertainties concerning the regulation of CO₂-emissions and market shocks caused by the recently introduced additional import duties in the US, which is an important sales market. We examine primary and secondary effects of these challenges on the steel industry in the EU and their impacts on European and global level. Developing and using a suitable meta-model, we analyze the competitiveness of key steel producing countries with respect to floor prices depending on selected cost factors and draw conclusions on the impacts in the trade of steel on emissions, energy demand, on the involvement of developing countries in the value chain as well on the need for innovations to avoid relocations of production. Hence, our study contributes to the assessment of sustainable industrial development, which is aimed by the Sustainability Development Goal “Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation countries”. By applying information on country-specific Human Development Indexes (reflecting aspects of life expectancy, education, and per capita income), we show that relocating energy-intensive industries from the EU may not only increase global energy demand and CO₂-emissions, but may also be to the disadvantage of developing countries.
Using scenarios is vital in identifying and specifying measures for successfully transforming the energy system. Such transformations can be particularly challenging and require the support of a broader set of stakeholders. Otherwise, there will be opposition in the form of reluctance to adopt the necessary technologies. Usually, processes for considering stakeholders' perspectives are very time-consuming and costly. In particular, there are uncertainties about how to deal with modifications in the scenarios. In principle, new consulting processes will be required. In our study, we show how multi-criteria decision analysis can be used to analyze stakeholders' attitudes toward transition paths. Since stakeholders differ regarding their preferences and time horizons, we employ a multi-criteria decision analysis approach to identify which stakeholders will support or oppose a transition path. We provide a flexible template for analyzing stakeholder preferences toward transition paths. This flexibility comes from the fact that our multi-criteria decision aid-based approach does not involve intensive empirical work with stakeholders. Instead, it involves subjecting assumptions to robustness analysis, which can help identify options to influence stakeholders' attitudes toward transitions.
Socio-technical scenarios for energy-intensive industries: the future of steel production in Germany
(2019)
The terms bioeconomy and biorefineries are used for a variety of processes and developments. This short introduction is intended to provide a delimitation and clarification of the terminology as well as a classification of current biorefinery concepts. The basic process diagrams of the most important biorefinery types are shown.
Engineering of functional interfaces / Patrick Wagner ; Theodor Doll ; Michael J. Schöning (eds.)
(2014)
Online-Messsysteme für die automatisierte Charakterisierung von feldeffektbasierten Biosensoren
(2007)
Handheld measurement device for field-effect sensor structures: Practical evaluation and limitations
(2007)
Chemical imaging systems allow the visualisation of the distribution of chemical species on the sensor surface. This work represents a new flexible approach of read out in a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) with the help of a digital light processing (DLP) set-up. The DLP, known well for video projectors, consists of a mirror-array MEMS device which allows fast and flexible generation of light patterns. With the help of these light patterns the sensor surface of the LAPS device can be read out sequentially in a raster like scheme (scanning LAPS). The DLP approach has several advantages compared to conventional scanning LAPS set-ups, e.g., the spot size, the shape and the intensity of the light pointer can be changed easily and no mechanical movement is necessary, which reduces the size of the set-up and increases the stability and speed of measurement.
This work describes the novel combination of the light-addressable electrode (LAE) and the light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) into a microsystem set-up. Both the LAE as well as the LAPS shares the principle of addressing the active spot by means of a light beam. This enables both systems to manipulate resp. to detect an analyte with a high spatial resolution. Hence, combining both principles into a single set-up enables the active stimulation e.g., by means of electrolysis and a simultaneous observation e.g., the response of an entrapped biological cell by detection of extracellular pH changes. The work will describe the principles of both technologies and the necessary steps to integrate them into a single set-up. Furthermore, examples of application and operation of such systems will be presented.
The light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) has the unique feature to address different regions of a sensor surface without the need of complex structures. Measurements at different locations on the sensor surface can be performed in a common analyte solution, which distinctly simplifies the fluidic set-up. However, the measurement in a single analyte chamber prevents the application of different drugs or different concentrations of a drug to each measurement spot at the same time as in the case of multi-reservoir-based set-ups. In this work, the authors designed a LAPS-based set-up for cell culture screening that utilises magnetic beads loaded with the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharides, LPS), to generate a spatially distributed gradient of analyte concentration. Different external magnetic fields can be adjusted to move the magnetic beads loaded with a specific drug within the measurement cell. By recording the metabolic activities of a cell layer cultured on top of the LAPS surface, this work shows the possibility to apply different concentrations of a sample along the LAPS measurement spots within a common analyte solution.
The development of new interfaces for (bio-)chemical sensors requires comprehensive analyses and testing. The light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) can be used as a platform to investigate the sensitivity of a newly developed interface towards (bio-)chemical agents. LAPS measurements are spatially resolved by utilisation of focused light beams to define individual measurement spots. In this work, a new digitally modulated LAPS set-up based on an FPGA design will be introduced to increase the number of measurement spots, to shorten the measurement time and to improve the measurement accuracy.
Chemical imaging systems allow the visualisation of the distribution of chemical species on the sensor surface. This work represents a new flexible approach to read out light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS) with the help of a digital light processing (DLP) set-up. The DLP, known well for video projectors, consists of a mirror-array MEMS device, which allows fast and flexible generation of light patterns. With the help of these light patterns, the sensor surface of the LAPS device can be addressed. The DLP approach has several advantages compared to conventional LAPS set-ups, e.g., the spot size and the shape of the light pointer can be changed easily and no mechanical movement is necessary, which reduces the size of the set-up and increases the stability and speed of the measurement. In addition, the modulation frequency and intensity of the light beam are important parameters of the LAPS set-up. Within this work, the authors will discuss two different ways of light modulation by the DLP set-up, investigate the influence of different modulation frequencies and different light intensities as well as demonstrate the scanning capabilities of the new set-up by pH mapping on the sensor surface.
Kinetik. - (Dynamik ; 2)
(1994)
Kinematik. - (Dynamik ; 1)
(1993)
We have developed a double-tuned ¹H/¹⁹F birdcage resonator dedicated for hand and wrist imaging at 7 T to locally image non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as 2-{[3-(Trifluoromethyl) phenyl]amino}benzoic acid. The preliminary in vivo images acquired by the double-tuned ¹H/¹⁹F birdcage resonator demonstrate the feasibility for ¹H/¹⁹F hand- and wrist-imaging at 7 T. While the diagnostic quality of the coil needs to be assessed in patients with inflammatory rheumatoid disease, first ¹⁹F images of the NSAID are encouraging, and point towards the prospect of applying ¹⁹F-MRI to visualize and quantify the concentration of therapeutically-active compound at the sites of inflammation.
The quest for life on other planets is closely connected with the search for water in liquid state. Recent discoveries of deep oceans on icy moons like Europa and Enceladus have spurred an intensive discussion about how these waters can be accessed. The challenge of this endeavor lies in the unforeseeable requirements on instrumental characteristics both with respect to the scientific and technical methods. The TRIPLE/nanoAUV initiative is aiming at developing a mission concept for exploring exo-oceans and demonstrating the achievements in an earth-analogue context, exploring the ocean under the ice shield of Antarctica and lakes like Dome-C on the Antarctic continent.
This study evaluates neuromechanical control and muscle-tendon interaction during energy storage and dissipation tasks in hypergravity. During parabolic flights, while 17 subjects performed drop jumps (DJs) and drop landings (DLs), electromyography (EMG) of the lower limb muscles was combined with in vivo fascicle dynamics of the gastrocnemius medialis, two-dimensional (2D) kinematics, and kinetics to measure and analyze changes in energy management. Comparisons were made between movement modalities executed in hypergravity (1.8 G) and gravity on ground (1 G). In 1.8 G, ankle dorsiflexion, knee joint flexion, and vertical center of mass (COM) displacement are lower in DJs than in DLs; within each movement modality, joint flexion amplitudes and COM displacement demonstrate higher values in 1.8 G than in 1 G. Concomitantly, negative peak ankle joint power, vertical ground reaction forces, and leg stiffness are similar between both movement modalities (1.8 G). In DJs, EMG activity in 1.8 G is lower during the COM deceleration phase than in 1 G, thus impairing quasi-isometric fascicle behavior. In DLs, EMG activity before and during the COM deceleration phase is higher, and fascicles are stretched less in 1.8 G than in 1 G. Compared with the situation in 1 G, highly task-specific neuromuscular activity is diminished in 1.8 G, resulting in fascicle lengthening in both movement modalities. Specifically, in DJs, a high magnitude of neuromuscular activity is impaired, resulting in altered energy storage. In contrast, in DLs, linear stiffening of the system due to higher neuromuscular activity combined with lower fascicle stretch enhances the buffering function of the tendon, and thus the capacity to safely dissipate energy.
Stretch-shortening type actions are characterized by lengthening of the pre-activated muscle-tendon unit (MTU) in the eccentric phase immediately followed by muscle shortening. Under 1 g, pre-activity before and muscle activity after ground contact, scale muscle stiffness, which is crucial for the recoil properties of the MTU in the subsequent push-off. This study aimed to examine the neuro-mechanical coupling of the stretch-shortening cycle in response to gravity levels ranging from 0.1 to 2 g. During parabolic flights, 17 subjects performed drop jumps while electromyography (EMG) of the lower limb muscles was combined with ultrasound images of the gastrocnemius medialis, 2D kinematics and kinetics to depict changes in energy management and performance. Neuro-mechanical coupling in 1 g was characterized by high magnitudes of pre-activity and eccentric muscle activity allowing an isometric muscle behavior during ground contact. EMG during pre-activity and the concentric phase systematically increased from 0.1 to 1 g. Below 1 g the EMG in the eccentric phase was diminished, leading to muscle lengthening and reduced MTU stretches. Kinetic energy at take-off and performance were decreased compared to 1 g. Above 1 g, reduced EMG in the eccentric phase was accompanied by large MTU and muscle stretch, increased joint flexion amplitudes, energy loss and reduced performance. The energy outcome function established by linear mixed model reveals that the central nervous system regulates the extensor muscles phase- and load-specifically. In conclusion, neuro-mechanical coupling appears to be optimized in 1 g. Below 1 g, the energy outcome is compromised by reduced muscle stiffness. Above 1 g, loading progressively induces muscle lengthening, thus facilitating energy dissipation.
Werkstatt voller Historie
(2023)
Das Buch „Werkstatt voller Historie“ gibt einen Einblick in das Handwerk der Restaurierung und Konservierung. Wir leben in einer Gesellschaft, die von Konsum und schneller Verfügbarkeit geprägt ist. Produkte werden in Massen produziert, genutzt und oft schon nach kurzer Zeit wieder weggeworfen. Durch diese Mentalität der Wegwerfgesellschaft werden die Ressourcen unserer Erde erschöpft, und Umweltprobleme werden immer größer. Deshalb ist es wichtig, sich intensiv mit der Bewahrung von Kulturgut auseinanderzusetzen. Durch die Verwendung von Illustrationen und visuellen Darstellungen erleichtert das Buch die Kommunikation. Dadurch kann der Restaurierungsprozess einfacher verstanden werden. Mit dem Projekt soll das Interesse geweckt und über die Grundlagen und Herausforderungen der Restaurierung aufgeklärt werden.
Aim of the AXON2 project (Adaptive Expert System for Object Recogniton using Neuml Networks) is the development of an object recognition system (ORS) capable of recognizing isolated 3d objects from arbitrary views. Commonly, classification is based on a single feature extracted from the original image. Here we present an architecture adapted from the Mixtures of Eaqerts algorithm which uses multiple neuml networks to integmte different features. During tmining each neural network specializes in a subset of objects or object views appropriate to the properties of the corresponding feature space. In recognition mode the system dynamically chooses the most relevant features and combines them with maximum eficiency. The remaining less relevant features arz not computed and do therefore not decelerate the-recognition process. Thus, the algorithm is well suited for ml-time applications.
Bachelorzeit
(2023)
Die Bachelorarbeit behandelt die Konzeption und Produktion der Sendung "Bachelorzeit". Ziel ist es, eine innovative Plattform für junge Zuschauer:innen zu schaffen und Einblicke in das Leben und die Themen der Stadt Aachen zu geben. Die Arbeit umfasst den gesamten Produktionsprozess inklusive der Einbindung der Zuschauer:innen und der visuellen Gestaltung. Die erfolgreiche Umsetzung ermöglicht eine ansprechende und nahbare Atmosphäre für ein jüngeres Publikum.
The composition and physiochemical properties of aquatic-phase natural organic matter (NOM) are most important problems for both environmental studies and water industry. Laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry facilitated successful examinations of NOM, as humic and fulvic acids in NOM are readily ionized by the nitrogen laser. In this study, hydrophobic NOMs (HPO NOMs) from river, reservoir and waste water were characterized by this technique. The effect of analytical variables like concentration, solvent composition and laser energy was investigated. The exact masses of small molecular NOM moieties in the range of 200–1200 m/z were determined in reflectron mode. In addition, spectra of post-source-decay experiments in this range showed that some compounds from different natural NOMs had the same fragmental ions. In the large mass range of 1200–15 000 Da, macromolecules and their aggregates were found in HPO NOMs from natural waters. Highly humic HPO exhibited mass peaks larger than 8000 Da. On the other hand, the waste water and reservoir water mainly had relatively smaller molecules of about 2000 Da. The LDI-MS measurements indicated that highly humic river waters were able to form large aggregates and membrane foulants, while the HPO NOMs from waste water and reservoir water were unlikely to form large aggregates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing volcanic ash elements from the 2015 eruptions of bromo and raung volcanoes, Indonesia
(2020)
The volcanic eruptions of Mt. Bromo and Mt. Raung in East Java, Indonesia, in 2015 perturbed volcanic materials and affected surface-layer air quality at surrounding locations. During the episodes, the volcanic ash from the eruptions influenced visibility, traffic accidents, flight schedules, and human health. In this research, the volcanic ash particles were collected and characterized by relying on the detail of physical observation. We performed an assessment of the volcanic ash elements to characterize the volcanic ash using two different methods which are aqua regia extracts followed by MP-AES and XRF laboratory test of bulk samples. The analysis results showed that the volcanic ash was mixed of many materials, such as Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, and others. Fe, Si, Ca, and Al were found as the major elements, while the others were the trace elements Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, P, Mn, Ni, Zn, Sb, Sr, and V with the minor concentrations. XRF analyses showed that Fe dominated the elements of the volcanic ash. The XRF analysis showed that Fe was at 35.40% in Bromo and 43.00% in Raung of the detected elements in bulk material. The results of aqua regia extracts analyzed by MP-AES were 1.80% and 1.70% of Fe element for Bromo and Raung volcanoes, respectively.