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High-intensity discharge lamps can be driven by radio-frequency signals in the ISM frequency band at 2.45 GHz, using a matching network to transform the impedance of the plasma to the source impedance. To achieve an optimal operating condition, a good characterization of the lamp in terms of radio frequency equivalent circuits under operating conditions is necessary, enabling the design of an efficient matching network. This paper presents the characterization technique for such lamps and presents the design of the required matching network. For the characterization, a high-intensity discharge lamp was driven by a monofrequent large signal at 2.45 GHz, whereas a frequency sweep over 300 MHz was performed across this signal to measure so-called small-signal hot S-parameters using a vector network analyzer. These parameters are then used as an equivalent load in a circuit simulator to design an appropriate matching network. Using the measured data as a black-box model in the simulation results in a quick and efficient method to simulate and design efficient matching networks in spite of the complex plasma behavior. Furthermore, photometric analysis of high-intensity discharge lamps are carried out, comparing microwave operation to conventional operation.
In this paper we report on CO2 Meter, a do-it-yourself carbon dioxide measuring device for the classroom. Part of the current measures for dealing with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is proper ventilation in indoor settings. This is especially important in schools with students coming back to the classroom even with high incidents rates. Static ventilation patterns do not consider the individual situation for a particular class. Influencing factors like the type of activity, the physical structure or the room occupancy are not incorporated. Also, existing devices are rather expensive and often provide only limited information and only locally without any networking. This leaves the potential of analysing the situation across different settings untapped. Carbon dioxide level can be used as an indicator of air quality, in general, and of aerosol load in particular. Since, according to the latest findings, SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted primarily in the form of aerosols, carbon dioxide may be used as a proxy for the risk of a virus infection. Hence, schools could improve the indoor air quality and potentially reduce the infection risk if they actually had measuring devices available in the classroom. Our device supports schools in ventilation and it allows for collecting data over the Internet to enable a detailed data analysis and model generation. First deployments in schools at different levels were received very positively. A pilot installation with a larger data collection and analysis is underway.
To maximize the travel distances of battery electric vehicles such as cars or buses for a given amount of stored energy, their powertrains are optimized energetically. One key part within optimization models for electric powertrains is the efficiency map of the electric motor. The underlying function is usually highly nonlinear and nonconvex and leads to major challenges within a global optimization process. To enable faster solution times, one possibility is the usage of piecewise linearization techniques to approximate the nonlinear efficiency map with linear constraints. Therefore, we evaluate the influence of different piecewise linearization modeling techniques on the overall solution process and compare the solution time and accuracy for methods with and without explicitly used binary variables.
Es existieren verschiedenste Arten von Spielen, die versuchen, die Motivation einer Spielsituation in einen ernsten Kontext zu überführen. In diesem Artikel wird der Überbegriff „Competence Developing Games“ definiert und anhand von Beispielen erläutert. Dafür werden Erkennungskriterien vorgestellt, entsprechende Spieltypen erläutert und eine Zuordnung durch-geführt.
The Robot Operating System (ROS) is the current de-facto standard in robot middlewares. The steadily increasing size of the user base results in a greater demand for training as well. User groups range from students in academia to industry professionals with a broad spectrum of developers in between. To deliver high quality training and education to any of these audiences, educators need to tailor individual curricula for any such training. In this paper, we present an approach to ease compiling curricula for ROS trainings based on a taxonomy of the teaching contents. The instructor can select a set of dedicated learning units and the system will automatically compile the teaching material based on the dependencies of the units selected and a set of parameters for a particular training. We walk through an example training to illustrate our work.
Computer Supported Communication and Cooperation – Making Information Aware / Luczak, H. ; Wolf, M.
(1999)
In this chapter, we report on our activities to create and maintain a fleet of autonomous load haul dump (LHD) vehicles for mining operations. The ever increasing demand for sustainable solutions and economic pressure causes innovation in the mining industry just like in any other branch. In this chapter, we present our approach to create a fleet of autonomous special purpose vehicles and to control these vehicles in mining operations. After an initial exploration of the site we deploy the fleet. Every vehicle is running an instance of our ROS 2-based architecture. The fleet is then controlled with a dedicated planning module. We also use continuous environment monitoring to implement a life-long mapping approach. In our experiments, we show that a combination of synthetic, augmented and real training data improves our classifier based on the deep learning network Yolo v5 to detect our vehicles, persons and navigation beacons. The classifier was successfully installed on the NVidia AGX-Drive platform, so that the abovementioned objects can be recognised during the dumper drive. The 3D poses of the detected beacons are assigned to lanelets and transferred to an existing map.
Objective
This study assesses and quantifies impairment of postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 Tesla (T) after implantation of titanium cranial fixation plates (CFPs) for neurosurgical bone flap fixation.
Materials and methods
The study group comprised five patients who were intra-individually examined with 3 and 7 T MRI preoperatively and postoperatively (within 72 h/3 months) after implantation of CFPs. Acquired sequences included T₁-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid-acquisition gradient-echo (MPRAGE), T₂-weighted turbo-spin-echo (TSE) imaging, and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). Two experienced neurosurgeons and a neuroradiologist rated image quality and the presence of artifacts in consensus reading.
Results
Minor artifacts occurred around the CFPs in MPRAGE and T2 TSE at both field strengths, with no significant differences between 3 and 7 T. In SWI, artifacts were accentuated in the early postoperative scans at both field strengths due to intracranial air and hemorrhagic remnants. After resorption, the brain tissue directly adjacent to skull bone could still be assessed. Image quality after 3 months was equal to the preoperative examinations at 3 and 7 T.
Conclusion
Image quality after CFP implantation was not significantly impaired in 7 T MRI, and artifacts were comparable to those in 3 T MRI.
Cyber-physical systems are ever more common in manufacturing industries. Increasing their autonomy has been declared an explicit goal, for example, as part of the Industry 4.0 vision. To achieve this system intelligence, principled and software-driven methods are required to analyze sensing data, make goal-directed decisions, and eventually execute and monitor chosen tasks. In this chapter, we present a number of knowledge-based approaches to these problems and case studies with in-depth evaluation results of several different implementations for groups of autonomous mobile robots performing in-house logistics in a smart factory. We focus on knowledge-based systems because besides providing expressive languages and capable reasoning techniques, they also allow for explaining how a particular sequence of actions came about, for example, in the case of a failure.
This paper introduces a Competence Developing Game (CDG) for the purpose of a cybersecurity awareness training for businesses. The target audience will be discussed in detail to understand their requirements. It will be explained why and how a mix of business simulation and serious game meets these stakeholder requirements. It will be shown that a tablet and touchscreen based approach is the most suitable solution. In addition, an empirical study will be briefly presented. The study was carried out to examine how an interaction system for a 3D-tablet based CDG has to be designed, to be manageable for non-game experienced employees. Furthermore, it will be explained which serious content is necessary for a Cybersecurity awareness training CDG and how this content is wrapped in the game
Das Ich ist eine Illusion
(1990)
In this paper we present an extension of the action language Golog that allows for using fuzzy notions in non-deterministic argument choices and the reward function in decision-theoretic planning. Often, in decision-theoretic planning, it is cumbersome to specify the set of values to pick from in the non-deterministic-choice-of-argument statement. Also, even for domain experts, it is not always easy to specify a reward function. Instead of providing a finite domain for values in the non-deterministic-choice-of-argument statement in Golog, we now allow for stating the argument domain by simply providing a formula over linguistic terms and fuzzy uents. In Golog’s forward-search DT planning algorithm, these formulas are evaluated in order to find the agent’s optimal policy. We illustrate this in the Diner Domain where the agent needs to calculate the optimal serving order.
Modern implementations of driver assistance systems are evolving from a pure driver assistance to a independently acting automation system. Still these systems are not covering the full vehicle usage range, also called operational design domain, which require the human driver as fall-back mechanism. Transition of control and potential minimum risk manoeuvres are currently research topics and will bridge the gap until full autonomous vehicles are available. The authors showed in a demonstration that the transition of control mechanisms can be further improved by usage of communication technology. Receiving the incident type and position information by usage of standardised vehicle to everything (V2X) messages can improve the driver safety and comfort level. The connected and automated vehicle’s software framework can take this information to plan areas where the driver should take back control by initiating a transition of control which can be followed by a minimum risk manoeuvre in case of an unresponsive driver. This transition of control has been implemented in a test vehicle and was presented to the public during the IEEE IV2022 (IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symposium) in Aachen, Germany.
Der CMS-Guide : Content-Management-Systeme: Erfolgsfaktoren, Geschäftsmodelle, Produktübersicht
(2001)
Der Internally Commutated Thyristor (ICT) : ein neuartiger GCT mit integrierter Ausschalteinheit
(2007)
Purpose
To design and evaluate a four-channel cardiac transceiver coil array for functional cardiac imaging at 7T.
Materials and Methods
A four-element cardiac transceiver surface coil array was developed with two rectangular loops mounted on an anterior former and two rectangular loops on a posterior former. specific absorption rate (SAR) simulations were performed and a Burn:x-wiley:10531807:media:JMRI22451:tex2gif-stack-1 calibration method was applied prior to obtain 2D FLASH CINE (mSENSE, R = 2) images from nine healthy volunteers with a spatial resolution of up to 1 × 1 × 2.5 mm3.
Results
Tuning and matching was found to be better than 10 dB for all subjects. The decoupling (S21) was measured to be >18 dB between neighboring loops, >20 dB for opposite loops, and >30 dB for other loop combinations. SAR values were well within the limits provided by the IEC. Imaging provided clinically acceptable signal homogeneity with an excellent blood-myocardium contrast applying the Burn:x-wiley:10531807:media:JMRI22451:tex2gif-stack-2 calibration approach.
Conclusion
A four-channel cardiac transceiver coil array for 7T was built, allowing for cardiac imaging with clinically acceptable signal homogeneity and an excellent blood-myocardium contrast. Minor anatomic structures, such as pericardium, mitral, and tricuspid valves and their apparatus, as well as trabeculae, were accurately delineated.
Design and Development of a Hot S-Parameter Measurement System for Plasma and Magnetron Applications
(2020)
This paper presents the design, development and calibration procedures of a novel hot S-parameter measurement system for plasma and magnetron applications with power level up to 6 kW. Based on a vector network analyzer, a power amplifier and two directional couplers, the input matching hotS 11 and transmission hotS 21 of the device under test are measured at 2.45 GHz center frequency and 300MHz bandwidth, while the device is driven by the magnetron. This measurement system opens a new horizon to develop many new industrial applications such as microwave plasma jets, dryer systems, dryers and so forth. Furthermore, the developing, controlling and monitoring a 2kW 2.45GHz plasma jet and a dryer system using the measurement system are presented and explained.
Design and Development of a Novel Self-Igniting Microwave Plasma Jet for Industrial Applications
(2019)
Design of a Measurement Setup for the Impedance of Low-Resistance Plate-Conductors in the RF-Range
(2006)
The idea of component-based software engineering was proposed more that 40 years ago, yet only few robotics software frameworks follow these ideas. The main problem with robotics software usually is that it runs on a particular platform and transferring source code to another platform is crucial. In this paper, we present our software framework Fawkes which follows the component-based software design paradigm by featuring a clear component concept with well-defined communication interfaces. We deployed Fawkes on several different robot platforms ranging from service robots to biped soccer robots. Following the component concept with clearly defined communication interfaces shows great benefit when porting robot software from one robot to the other. Fawkes comes with a number of useful plugins for tasks like timing, logging, data visualization, software configuration, and even high-level decision making. These make it particularly easy to create and to debug productive code, shortening the typical development cycle for robot software.
Zur Unterstützung des Transformationsbedarfs von Telekommunikationsunternehmen sind die Referenzmodelle des TM Forums in der Praxis weltweit anerkannt. Dabei findet jedoch meist eine losgelöste Nutzung für spezifische Einzelthemen statt. Daher führt dieser Artikel die bestehenden Inhalte in einer industriespezifischen, übergreifenden Referenzarchitektur zusammen. Der Fokus liegt auf den Ebenen Aufbauorganisation, Prozesse, Applikationen und Daten. Darüber hinaus werden inhaltliche Architekturdomänen zur Strukturierung angeboten. Die Referenzarchitektur ist hierarchisch aufgebaut und wird hier beispielhaft für ausgewählte, aggregierte Inhalte beschrieben. Als erste Evaluation wird die Anwendung der Referenzarchitektur in drei Praxisprojekten erläutert.
Cardiac MR (CMR) at ultrahigh (≥7.0 T) fields is regarded as one of the most challenging MRI applications. At 7.0 T image quality is not always exclusively defined by signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). Detrimental effects bear the potential to spoil the signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) benefits of cardiac MR (CMR) at 7.0 T. B₁⁺-inhomogeneities and signal voids represent the main challenges. Various pioneering coil concepts have been proposed to tackle these issues, enabling cardiac MRI at 7.0 T. This includes a trend towards an ever larger number of transmit and receive channels. This approach affords multi-dimensional B₁⁺ modulations to improve B₁⁺ shimming performance and to enhance RF efficiency. Also, parallel imaging benefits from a high number of receive channels enabling two-dimensional acceleration. Realizing the limitations of existing coil designs tailored for UHF CMR and recognizing the opportunities of a many element TX/RX channel architecture this work proposes a modular, two dimensional 32-channel transmit and receive array using loop elements and examines its efficacy for enhanced B¹+ homogeneity and improved parallel imaging performance.
This paper covers the use of the magnetic Wiegand effect to design an innovative incremental encoder. First, a theoretical design is given, followed by an estimation of the achievable accuracy and an optimization in open-loop operation.
Finally, a successful experimental verification is presented. For this purpose, a permanent magnet synchronous machine is controlled in a field-oriented manner, using the angle information of the prototype.
Pure analytical or experimental methods can only find a control strategy for technical systems with a fixed setup. In former contributions we presented an approach that simultaneously finds the optimal topology and the optimal open-loop control of a system via Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). In order to extend this approach by a closed-loop control we present a Mixed Integer Program for a time discretized tank level control. This model is the basis for an extension by combinatorial decisions and thus for the variation of the network topology. Furthermore, one is able to appraise feasible solutions using the global optimality gap.
Purpose:
To investigate the feasibility of using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects for synchronization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the cardiac cycle.
Materials and Methods:
The MHD effect was scrutinized using a pulsatile flow phantom at B0 = 7.0 T. MHD effects were examined in vivo in healthy volunteers (n = 10) for B0 ranging from 0.05–7.0 T. Noncontrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) of the carotids was performed using a gated steady-state free-precession (SSFP) imaging technique in conjunction with electrocardiogram (ECG) and MHD synchronization.
Results:
The MHD potential correlates with flow velocities derived from phase contrast MRI. MHD voltages depend on the orientation between B0 and the flow of a conductive fluid. An increase in the interelectrode spacing along the flow increases the MHD potential. In vivo measurement of the MHD effect provides peak voltages of 1.5 mV for surface areas close to the common carotid artery at B0 = 7.0 T. Synchronization of MRI with the cardiac cycle using MHD triggering is feasible. MHD triggered MRA of the carotids at 3.0 T showed an overall image quality and richness of anatomic detail, which is comparable to ECG-triggered MRAs.
Conclusion:
This feasibility study demonstrates the use of MHD effects for synchronization of MR acquisitions with the cardiac cycle. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:364–372. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel method to determine the extruded length of a metallic wire for a directed energy deposition (DED) process using a microwave (MW) plasma jet with a straight-through wire feed is presented. The method is based on the relative comparison of the measured frequency response obtained by the large-signal scattering parameter (Hot-S) technique. In the practical working range, repeatability of less than 6% for a nonactive plasma and 9% for the active plasma state is found. Measurements are conducted with a focus on a simple solution to decrease the processing time and reduce the integration time of the process into the existing hardware. It is shown that monitoring a single frequency for magnitude and phase changes is sufficient to achieve good accuracy. A combination of different measurement values to determine the length is possible. The applicability to different diameter of the same material is shown as well as a contact detection of the wire and metallic substrate.
Due to the decarbonization of the energy sector, the electric distribution grids are undergoing a major transformation, which is expected to increase the load on the operating resources due to new electrical loads and distributed energy resources. Therefore, grid operators need to gradually move to active grid management in order to ensure safe and reliable grid operation. However, this requires knowledge of key grid variables, such as node voltages, which is why the mass integration of measurement technology (smart meters) is necessary. Another problem is the fact that a large part of the topology of the distribution grids is not sufficiently digitized and models are partly faulty, which means that active grid operation management today has to be carried out largely blindly. It is therefore part of current research to develop methods for determining unknown grid topologies based on measurement data. In this paper, different clustering algorithms are presented and their performance of topology detection of low voltage grids is compared. Furthermore, the influence of measurement uncertainties is investigated in the form of a sensitivity analysis.
Objective
The purpose of this study is to (i) design a small and mobile Magnetic field ALert SEnsor (MALSE), (ii) to carefully evaluate its sensors to their consistency of activation/deactivation and sensitivity to magnetic fields, and (iii) to demonstrate the applicability of MALSE in 1.5 T, 3.0 T and 7.0 T MR fringe field environments.
Methods
MALSE comprises a set of reed sensors, which activate in response to their exposure to a magnetic field. The activation/deactivation of reed sensors was examined by moving them in/out of the fringe field generated by 7TMR.
Results
The consistency with which individual reed sensors would activate at the same field strength was found to be 100% for the setup used. All of the reed switches investigated required a substantial drop in ambient magnetic field strength before they deactivated.
Conclusions
MALSE is a simple concept for alerting MRI staff to a ferromagnetic object being brought into fringe magnetic fields which exceeds MALSEs activation magnetic field. MALSE can easily be attached to ferromagnetic objects within the vicinity of a scanner, thus creating a barrier for hazardous situations induced by ferromagnetic parts which should not enter the vicinity of an MR-system to occur.
Development of a subject-oriented reference process model for the telecommunications industry
(2016)
Generally the usage of reference models can be structured top-down or bottom-up. The practical need of agile change and flexible organizational implementation requires a consistent mapping to an operational level. In this context, well-established reference process models are typically structured top-down. The subject-oriented Business Process Management (sBPM) offers a modeling concept that is structured bottom-up and concentrates on the process actors on an
operational level. This paper applies sBPM to the enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM), a well-accepted reference process model in the telecommunications industry. The resulting design artifact is a concrete example for a combination of a bottom-up and top-down developed reference model. The results are evaluated and confirmed in practical context through the involvement of the industry body TMForum.
In order to reduce energy consumption of homes, it is important to make transparent which devices consume how much energy. However, power consumption is often only monitored aggregated at the house energy meter. Disaggregating this power consumption into the contributions of individual devices can be achieved using Machine Learning. Our work aims at making state of the art disaggregation algorithms accessibe for users of the open source home automation platform Home Assistant.
The development of resilient technical systems is a challenging task, as the system should adapt automatically to unknown disturbances and component failures. To evaluate different approaches for deriving resilient technical system designs, we developed a modular test rig that is based on a pumping system. On the basis of this example
system, we present metrics to quantify resilience and an algorithmic approach to improve resilience. This approach enables the pumping system to automatically react on unknown disturbances and to reduce the impact of component failures. In this case, the system is able to automatically adapt its topology by activating additional valves. This enables the system to still reach a minimum performance, even in case of failures. Furthermore, timedependent disturbances are evaluated continuously, deviations from the original state are automatically detected and anticipated in the future. This allows to reduce the impact of future disturbances and leads to a more resilient
system behaviour.
Die Airysche Spannungsfunktion für die unendliche anisotrope, orthotrope und isotrope Scheibe
(1980)
Im Rahmen der Digitalisierung ist die zunehmende Automatisierung von bisher manuellen Prozessschritten ein Aspekt, der massive Auswirkungen auf die zukünftige Arbeitswelt haben wird. In diesem Kontext werden an den Einsatz von Softwarerobotern zur Prozessautomatisierung hohe Erwartungen geknüpft. Bei den Implementierungsansätzen wird die Diskussion aktuell insbesondere durch Robotic Process Automation (RPA) und Chatbots geprägt. Beide Ansätze verfolgen das gemeinsame Ziel einer 1:1-Automatisierung von menschlichen Handlungen und dadurch ein direktes Ersetzen von Mitarbeitern durch Maschinen. Bei RPA werden Prozesse durch Softwareroboter erlernt und automatisiert ausgeführt. Dabei emulieren RPA-Roboter die Eingaben auf der bestehenden Präsentationsschicht, so dass keine Änderungen an vorhandenen Anwendungssystemen notwendig sind. Am Markt werden bereits unterschiedliche RPA-Lösungen als Softwareprodukte angeboten. Durch Chatbots werden Ein- und Ausgaben von Anwendungssystemen über natürliche Sprache realisiert. Dadurch ist die Automatisierung von unternehmensexterner Kommunikation (z. B. mit Kunden) aber auch von unternehmensinternen Assistenztätigkeiten möglich. Der Beitrag diskutiert die Auswirkungen von Softwarerobotern auf die Arbeitswelt anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen und erläutert die unternehmensindividuelle Entscheidung über den Einsatz von Softwarerobotern anhand von Effektivitäts- und Effizienzzielen.