Refine
Year of publication
Institute
- Fachbereich Medizintechnik und Technomathematik (1687)
- Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik (718)
- IfB - Institut für Bioengineering (622)
- Fachbereich Energietechnik (588)
- INB - Institut für Nano- und Biotechnologien (557)
- Fachbereich Chemie und Biotechnologie (551)
- Fachbereich Luft- und Raumfahrttechnik (496)
- Fachbereich Maschinenbau und Mechatronik (279)
- Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften (217)
- Solar-Institut Jülich (165)
Language
- English (4907) (remove)
Document Type
- Article (3275)
- Conference Proceeding (1162)
- Part of a Book (191)
- Book (144)
- Doctoral Thesis (30)
- Conference: Meeting Abstract (28)
- Patent (25)
- Other (10)
- Report (9)
- Conference Poster (6)
Keywords
- Biosensor (25)
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (12)
- Einspielen <Werkstoff> (10)
- CAD (8)
- civil engineering (8)
- Bauingenieurwesen (7)
- Blitzschutz (6)
- FEM (6)
- Gamification (6)
- Limit analysis (6)
- Shakedown analysis (6)
- avalanche (6)
- shakedown analysis (6)
- Clusterion (5)
- Earthquake (5)
- Enterprise Architecture (5)
- MINLP (5)
- solar sail (5)
- Additive manufacturing (4)
- Air purification (4)
- Diversity Management (4)
- Energy storage (4)
- Engineering optimization (4)
- Hämoglobin (4)
- LAPS (4)
- Leadership (4)
- Lipopolysaccharide (4)
- Luftreiniger (4)
- Natural language processing (4)
- Papierkunst (4)
- Plasmacluster ion technology (4)
- Power plants (4)
- Raumluft (4)
- Seismic design (4)
- Sonde (4)
- Telekommunikationsmarkt (4)
- UAV (4)
- biosensors (4)
- field-effect sensor (4)
- frequency mixing magnetic detection (4)
- hydrogen (4)
- hydrogen peroxide (4)
- impedance spectroscopy (4)
- limit analysis (4)
- metal structure (4)
- snow (4)
- steel (4)
- sustainability (4)
- Associated liquids (3)
- CFD (3)
- CellDrum (3)
- Concentrated solar power (3)
- Einspielanalyse (3)
- Eisschicht (3)
- Elektromagnetischer Schutzschild (3)
- Field-effect sensor (3)
- Führung (3)
- GOSSAMER-1 (3)
- Heparin (3)
- Hybrid energy system (3)
- Hydrogen (3)
- Information extraction (3)
- Kohlenstofffaser (3)
- Label-free detection (3)
- Light-addressable potentiometric sensor (3)
- Lightning (3)
- MASCOT (3)
- Machine learning (3)
- Obstacle avoidance (3)
- Optimization (3)
- Out-of-plane load (3)
- Paired sample (3)
- Path planning (3)
- Powertrain (3)
- Pump System (3)
- Seismic loading (3)
- Shakedown (3)
- Technical Operations Research (3)
- Technische Mechanik (3)
- Telecommunication (3)
- Traglastanalyse (3)
- Training (3)
- Wind Tunnel (3)
- additive manufacturing (3)
- biosensor (3)
- capacitive field-effect sensor (3)
- earthquakes (3)
- energy efficiency (3)
- industrial research (3)
- iron and steel industry (3)
- lipopolysaccharides (3)
- magnetic nanoparticles (3)
- materials technology (3)
- research report (3)
- shakedown (3)
- tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (3)
- 3D printing (2)
- Actuators (2)
- Acyl-amino acids (2)
- Additive Manufacturing (2)
- Adjacent buildings (2)
- Aeroelasticity (2)
- Aktionskunst (2)
- Aktor (2)
- Aktoren (2)
- Aminoacylase (2)
- Analytischer Zulaessigkeitsnachweis (2)
- Bacillaceae (2)
- Bacillus atrophaeus (2)
- Biocomposites (2)
- Biorefinery (2)
- Biotechnological application (2)
- Boundary integral equations (2)
- Brake set-up (2)
- Bruchmechanik (2)
- Butanol (2)
- Calorimetric gas sensor (2)
- Capacitive field-effect sensor (2)
- Case Study (2)
- Central receiver power plant (2)
- Central receiver system (2)
- Chemometrics (2)
- Clustering (2)
- Competence Developing Games (2)
- Concentrated solar collector (2)
- Concentrated systems (2)
- Conductive boundary condition (2)
- Deep learning (2)
- Digital Twin (2)
- Direkter Blitzschlag (2)
- Diversity (2)
- Drinfeld modules (2)
- Einspiel-Analyse (2)
- Electricity generation (2)
- Empirical process (2)
- Energy (2)
- Energy efficiency (2)
- Engineering Habitus (2)
- Engineering education (2)
- Erneuerbare Energien (2)
- Erythrozyt (2)
- Experimental validation (2)
- Fault detection (2)
- Fibroblast (2)
- Finite element method (2)
- Flight Test (2)
- Force (2)
- Freight rail (2)
- Future Skills (2)
- Gas turbine (2)
- Germany (2)
- Goodness-of-fit test (2)
- Historical centres (2)
- Hot S-parameter (2)
- Human factors (2)
- Human-robot collaboration (2)
- Hybridsystem (2)
- Hydrogen peroxide (2)
- INODIS (2)
- IO-Link (2)
- IR spectroscopy (2)
- Illustration (2)
- Incomplete data (2)
- Independence test (2)
- Industry 4.0 (2)
- Induzierte Spannungen (2)
- Innovation Management (2)
- Interdisciplinarity (2)
- Iterative learning control (2)
- L-PBF (2)
- LPBF (2)
- Lightning protection (2)
- Lightning protection system (2)
- Machine Learning (2)
- Magnetische Felder (2)
- Mars (2)
- Masonry infill (2)
- Microfabrication (2)
- Micromix (2)
- NMR spectroscopy (2)
- NOx emissions (2)
- Natural Language Processing (2)
- Natural fibres (2)
- Optimal Topology (2)
- Organizational Culture (2)
- PCM (2)
- Parametric bootstrap (2)
- Pflanzenphysiologie (2)
- Pflanzenscanner (2)
- Pitching Moment (2)
- Polymer-matrix composites (2)
- Potentiometry (2)
- Principal component analysis (2)
- Process engineering (2)
- Quality control (2)
- Raman spectroscopy (2)
- Rapid Prototyping (2)
- Rapid prototyping (2)
- Renewable energy (2)
- Risikoabwägung (2)
- Robotic Process Automation (2)
- SLM (2)
- Sensor (2)
- Sensoren (2)
- Sensores (2)
- Serious Game (2)
- Serious Games (2)
- Shake table test (2)
- Simulation (2)
- Solar concentration (2)
- Solar sail (2)
- Solar thermal technologies (2)
- Spacecraft (2)
- Spectroscopy (2)
- Standardization (2)
- Stickstoffmonoxid (2)
- Stiffness (2)
- Stone masonry (2)
- Stress concentrations (2)
- Subtilases (2)
- Subtilisin (2)
- Sustainability (2)
- Tanks (2)
- Text Mining (2)
- Text mining (2)
- Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (2)
- Traglast (2)
- Trajectory Optimization (2)
- Transcendence (2)
- Transition (2)
- Transmission eigenvalues (2)
- Ventilation System (2)
- Water (2)
- Water distribution system (2)
- Wave Drag (2)
- acetoin (2)
- artificial intelligence (2)
- autonomous driving (2)
- bacterial cellulose (2)
- biopotential electrodes (2)
- bubble column (2)
- building industry (2)
- building information modelling (2)
- building materials (2)
- capacitive field-effect sensors (2)
- carbonized rice husk (2)
- celldrum technology (2)
- combustor development (2)
- constructive alignment (2)
- cyber physical production system (2)
- damage (2)
- digital shadow (2)
- digital twin (2)
- education (2)
- electro mobility (2)
- electromagnetic shielding (2)
- engineering education (2)
- examination (2)
- factory planning (2)
- fuels (2)
- fused filament fabrication (2)
- gas sensor (2)
- gold nanoparticles (2)
- harmonic radar (2)
- hydrogel (2)
- immobilization (2)
- industrial facilities (2)
- industrial gas turbine (2)
- installations (2)
- light-addressable potentiometric sensor (2)
- likelihood ratio test (2)
- limit load (2)
- locomotion (2)
- long-term retention (2)
- management (2)
- manufacturing flexibility (2)
- mathematical optimization (2)
- methanation (2)
- microfluidics (2)
- multimodal (2)
- multiple NEA rendezvous (2)
- muscle fascicle behavior (2)
- nanostructured carbonized plant parts (2)
- nanostrukturierte carbonisierte Pflanzenteile (2)
- nitric oxide gas (2)
- not identically distributed (2)
- penicillinase (2)
- piping (2)
- plant scanner (2)
- plug flow reactor (2)
- practical learning (2)
- prebiotic (2)
- qNMR (2)
- rapid tooling (2)
- ratchetting (2)
- rebound-effect (2)
- regulation (2)
- reinforced concrete (2)
- renewable energy (2)
- research project (2)
- resistance of materials (2)
- robotic process automation (2)
- seismic design (2)
- seismic loading (2)
- small spacecraft (2)
- sterilisation (2)
- surface modification (2)
- t-modules (2)
- technology transfer (2)
- ultrasound (2)
- ultrasound imaging (2)
- virtual reality (2)
- (Bio)degradation (1)
- (Poly)saccharides (1)
- (R)- or (S)- gamma-valerolactone (1)
- 10BASE-T1L (1)
- 197m/gHg (1)
- 1P hub loads (1)
- 20 fossil-fueled power plants (1)
- 3-D printing (1)
- 3-nitrofluoranthene (1)
- 316L (1)
- 3D nonlinear finite element model (1)
- 3D object detection (1)
- 3D-printing (1)
- 4-hydroxy valeric acid (1)
- 802.15.4 (1)
- ABE (1)
- Academia (1)
- Acceleration (1)
- Acceptance (1)
- Acceptance tests (1)
- Accuracy (1)
- Achilles tendon (1)
- Acid crash (1)
- Active humidity control (1)
- Active learning (1)
- Actuator disk modelling (1)
- Acylation (1)
- Adaptive Systems (1)
- Adaptive control (1)
- Adsorption (1)
- Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS/AD) (1)
- Aerodynamic Drag (1)
- Afterload (1)
- Ageing (1)
- Agent-based simulation (1)
- Agile development (1)
- Agility (1)
- Aircraft design (1)
- Aircraft sizing (1)
- Algal Turf Scrubber (1)
- Algal–bacterial bioflm (1)
- Alginate beads (1)
- Alkalihalobacillus okhensis (1)
- Aloe vera (1)
- AlterG (1)
- Alternating plasticity (1)
- Alzheimer's disease (1)
- Analogue Environments (1)
- Analysis (1)
- Analytics (1)
- Anammox (1)
- Anastomose (1)
- Anastomosis (1)
- Anastomotic leakage (1)
- Anatomy (1)
- Android (1)
- Angle Sensor (1)
- Annulus Fibrosus (1)
- Anomaly detection (1)
- Ansaugsystem (1)
- Antarctic Glaciology (1)
- Antarctica (1)
- Anti-Bias (1)
- Antibias (1)
- Architectural design (1)
- Architectural gear ratio (1)
- Arduino (1)
- Artificial Intelligence (1)
- Artificial intelligence (1)
- Assembly (1)
- Assessment (1)
- Asset Administration Shell (1)
- Assistive technology (1)
- Asteroid Deflection (1)
- Asymptotic efficiency (1)
- Asymptotic relative efficiency (1)
- Atmospheres (1)
- Attitude dynamics (1)
- Audio-visual Art (1)
- Augmented Reality (1)
- Authenticity (1)
- Autofluoreszenzverfahren (1)
- Autolysis (1)
- Automated Optimization (1)
- Automated driving (1)
- Automatic control (1)
- Automation (1)
- Automotive application (1)
- Automotive safety approach (1)
- Autonomous mobile robots (1)
- Autonomy (1)
- Avalanche (1)
- Awareness (1)
- Axialbelastung (1)
- Axially cracked pipe (1)
- BET (1)
- BEV (1)
- BIM (1)
- BTEX compounds (1)
- Bacillus atrophaeus spores (1)
- Bacillus sp (1)
- Bacterial cellulose (1)
- Bakterien (1)
- Balance (1)
- Balanced hypergraph (1)
- Bank-issued Warrants (1)
- Basis Reduktion (1)
- Basis reduction (1)
- Behaviour factor q (1)
- Benchmark (1)
- Best practice sharing (1)
- Bicharakteristikenverfahren (1)
- Binder Jetting (1)
- Bio-Sensors (1)
- Bio-inspired systems (1)
- Bioabsorbable (1)
- Biocatalysis (1)
- Bioeconomy (1)
- Bioethanol (1)
- Biofuel (1)
- Biogas (1)
- Biological hydrogen (1)
- Biomass (1)
- Biomechanical simulation (1)
- Biomechanics (1)
- Biomechanik (1)
- Biomedizinische Technik (1)
- Biomolecular logic gate (1)
- Biophoton (1)
- Bioreaktor (1)
- Biorefinery definitions (1)
- Biosensorik (1)
- Biosolubilization (1)
- Biosurfactants (1)
- Bladder (1)
- Blade element method (1)
- Blind prediction competition (1)
- Blitz (1)
- Blitzrisiko (1)
- Blitzschlag (1)
- Bloom Taxonomy (1)
- Bloom’s Taxonomy (1)
- Bluetooth (1)
- Blutzellenlagerung (1)
- Bone quality and biomechanics (1)
- Bone sawing (1)
- Booster Station (1)
- Booster Stations (1)
- Bootstrap (1)
- Bootstrapping (1)
- Borehole heat exchanger (1)
- Boundary integral equations, (1)
- Bragg peak (1)
- Brake test (1)
- Braking curves (1)
- Brands (1)
- Breitband Markt (1)
- Broad pH spectrum (1)
- Brownian Pillow (1)
- Buffering Capacity (1)
- Building Automation (1)
- Building Systems (1)
- Bumblebees (1)
- Bundesnetzagentur (1)
- Business Engineering (1)
- Business Models (1)
- Business Process (1)
- Business Process Intelligence (1)
- Business Simulations (1)
- C. acetobutylicum (1)
- CAD ; (1)
- CAV (1)
- CDG (1)
- CFD propeller simulation (1)
- CNOT (1)
- CO (1)
- CO2 (1)
- CO2 emission reduction targets (1)
- COMSOL Multiphysics (1)
- CRISPR/Cas9 (1)
- Camera system (1)
- Capacitive field-effect (1)
- Capacitive model (1)
- Capacity Building Higher Education (1)
- Capacity Curve (1)
- Carbon Dioxide (1)
- Carbon sources (1)
- Cardiac myocytes (1)
- Cardiac tissue (1)
- Cardiovascular MRI (1)
- Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (1)
- Carrier solvents (1)
- Carsharing (1)
- Case study (1)
- Categorial variable (1)
- Cell permeability (1)
- Cellular force (1)
- Cellulose nanostructure (1)
- Cement infiltration (1)
- Cementoblast (1)
- Censored data (1)
- Centrifugal twisting moment (1)
- Ceramics (1)
- Certification Rule (1)
- Challenges (1)
- Chance Constraint (1)
- Chance constrained programming (1)
- Change (1)
- Change Management (1)
- Change culture (1)
- Change management (1)
- Chaperone (1)
- Chaperone co-expression (1)
- Charging station (1)
- Charging stations (1)
- Chemical images (1)
- Chemical imaging (1)
- Chemical imaging sensor (1)
- Chemical sensor (1)
- Chimeric liver-humanized mice (1)
- Chiralidon-R (1)
- Chiralidon-S (1)
- Chondroitin sulfate (1)
- Circuit simulation (1)
- Circular Dichroism (1)
- Circular bioeconomy (1)
- Civil engineering (1)
- Clinical decision support systems (1)
- Clostridium acetobutylicum (1)
- Cloud Computing (1)
- Cloud Service Broker (1)
- Cloud passages (1)
- Co-managed care (1)
- Coaching (1)
- Coat protein (1)
- Coefficient of ocular rigidity (1)
- Cognitive assistance system (1)
- Collaborative robot (1)
- Collagen fibrils (1)
- Collective risk model (1)
- Combustion (1)
- Commercial Vehicle (1)
- Common Rail Injection System (1)
- Communication (1)
- Competence Developing Game (1)
- Competitiveness (1)
- Complex System (1)
- Complex-valued eigenvalues (1)
- Compliance (1)
- Components (1)
- Compression (1)
- Computational biomechanics (1)
- Computational modeling (1)
- Concentrating solar power (1)
- Concomitant (1)
- Conducing polymer (1)
- Conductive Boundary Condition (1)
- Connected Automated Vehicle (1)
- Connective tissues (1)
- Conpot (1)
- Consensus (1)
- Conservation laws (1)
- Constitutive model (1)
- Contractile tension (1)
- Contractility (1)
- Control (1)
- Control engineering (1)
- Control optimization (1)
- Controller Parameter (1)
- Convex optimization (1)
- Cooling system (1)
- Corneo-scleral shell (1)
- Corporate Culture (1)
- Correlations (1)
- Cost function (1)
- Cost-effectiveness (1)
- Coverage probability (1)
- Cramér-von-Mises statistic (1)
- Cramér-von-Mises test (1)
- Crashworthiness (1)
- Cross border adjustment mechanism (1)
- Cross-Cultural Psychology (1)
- Cross-Cultural Training (1)
- Cross-platform (1)
- Crude heparin (1)
- Cryobot (1)
- Cryptographic protocols (1)
- Crámer–von-Mises distance (1)
- Culture media (1)
- Customer Orientation (1)
- Cyclotron production (1)
- C–V method (1)
- DAC (1)
- DC machines (1)
- DLR-ESTEC GOSSAMER roadmap for solar sailing (1)
- DNA (1)
- DNA biosensor (1)
- DNA hybridization (1)
- DNI forecast (1)
- DNI forecasting (1)
- DPA (dipicolinic acid) (1)
- Damage mechanics theory (1)
- Dark fermentation (1)
- Data analysis (1)
- Data visualization (1)
- Datasets (1)
- Dattel (1)
- Decentral (1)
- Decision theory (1)
- Decomposition (1)
- Decoupling (1)
- Deformation (1)
- Dehydrogenase (1)
- Dekontamination (1)
- Design Thinking (1)
- Design examples (1)
- Design rules (1)
- Design-by-analysis (1)
- Detergent protease (1)
- Deuterated solvents (1)
- Deuterium NMR (1)
- Diaphorase (1)
- Diesel Engine (1)
- Dietary supplements (1)
- Differential tonometry (1)
- Digital Age (1)
- Digital Twin Evolution (1)
- Digital Twins (1)
- Digital leadership (1)
- Digital manufacturing (1)
- Digital transformation (1)
- Digital triage (1)
- Digital twin (1)
- Digitalization (1)
- Dimensional splitting (1)
- Direct lightning strike (1)
- Direct normal irradiance forecast (1)
- Directed Energy Deposition (1)
- Disc Degeneration (1)
- Discontinuous fractures (1)
- Discourse ethics (1)
- Discrete Optimisation (1)
- Discrete Optimization (1)
- Disposition Effect (1)
- Distributed Control Systems, (1)
- District data model (1)
- District energy planning platform (1)
- Diversity management (1)
- Drag (1)
- Drag Reduction (1)
- Drag estimation (1)
- Drinking Water Supply (1)
- Driver assistance system (1)
- Driving cycle recognition (1)
- Druckbeanspruchung (1)
- Druckbehälter (1)
- Druckbelastung (1)
- Druckgeräte (1)
- Drug distribution (1)
- Drug metabolism (1)
- Drug simulation (1)
- Dry surfaces (1)
- Dry-low-NOx (DLN) combustion (1)
- Duality (1)
- Dynamic modeling (1)
- Dynamic simulation (1)
- E-Mobility (1)
- E-carsharing (1)
- E-mobility (1)
- E. coli detection (1)
- ECMS (1)
- ECT (1)
- EEG (1)
- EGG (1)
- EIS capacitive sensor (1)
- ELISA (1)
- EN 1998-4 (1)
- EPN (1)
- ES-FEM (1)
- ESATAN (1)
- ESATAN-TMS (1)
- ESHM20, industrial facilities (1)
- Earthquake Engineering (1)
- Education (1)
- Effective modal mass (1)
- Efficiency (1)
- Efficiency optimization (1)
- Eigenvalue trajectories (1)
- Einspiel-Kriterium (1)
- Einspielen (1)
- Elastizität (1)
- Elastodynamik (1)
- Elastostatics (1)
- Elderly (1)
- Electrical Flight (1)
- Electrical vehicle (1)
- Electrocardiography (1)
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (1)
- Electrochemistry (1)
- Electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor (1)
- Electromagnetism (1)
- Electromechanical modeling (1)
- Electronic Commerce (1)
- Electronic cigarettes (1)
- Electronic learning (1)
- Electronic vehicle (1)
- Elektrodynamik (1)
- Elektromagnetische Kopplung (1)
- Elektronische Kunst (1)
- Elemental (1)
- Elicit (1)
- Emilia-Romagna earthquake (1)
- Emissions (1)
- Empirical consequence curves (1)
- Empirical fragility functions (1)
- End-to-end colorectal anastomosis (1)
- Endothelial cells (1)
- Endothelial dysfunction (1)
- Endothelzelle (1)
- Energietechnik (1)
- Energy Disaggregation (1)
- Energy Systems (1)
- Energy management strategies (1)
- Energy market design (1)
- Energy system (1)
- Energy system planning (1)
- Energy-intensive industry (1)
- Engine Efficiency (1)
- Engineering (1)
- Engineering Application (1)
- Engineering Education (1)
- Engineering optimisation (1)
- Enterprise architecture (1)
- Enterprise information systems (1)
- Enterprise transformation (1)
- Entropy solution (1)
- Environmental impact (1)
- Enzymatic biosensor (1)
- Enzyme biosensor (1)
- Enzyme coverage (1)
- Enzyme logic gate (1)
- Enzyme nanocarrier (1)
- Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1)
- Epithel (1)
- Equivalence test (1)
- Erasmus+ United (1)
- Erfahrungslernen (1)
- Erfahrungsorientiertes Lernen (1)
- Error Recovery (1)
- Esophageal Doppler monitor (1)
- Ethernet (1)
- Ethics (1)
- Eurocode 8 (1)
- European Framework and South East Asia (1)
- European Transient Cycle (1)
- Eutectic Silver Copper alloy (1)
- Evacuation Rule (1)
- Evaluation (1)
- Evolution of damage (1)
- Evolutionary Neurocontrol (1)
- Exact Ilyushin yield surface (1)
- Exoplanet (1)
- Experiential Learning (1)
- Experiment (1)
- Explainability (1)
- Exponential Euler scheme, (1)
- Exponential time differencing (1)
- Extension fracture (1)
- Extension strain criterion (1)
- Extension–twist coupling (1)
- External knee adduction moments (1)
- Extracellular enzymes (1)
- Extracellular matrix (ECM) (1)
- Extraterrestrial Glaciology (1)
- Eyeball (1)
- FGF23 (1)
- FPGA (1)
- FS-FEM (1)
- Fall prevention (1)
- Fault approximation (1)
- Feature selection (1)
- Fehlerstellen (1)
- Festkörper (1)
- Field device (1)
- Field effect (1)
- Field-effect biosensor (1)
- Field-effect device (1)
- Finite difference methods (1)
- Finite differences (1)
- Finite element analysis (1)
- Finite element analysis (FEA) (1)
- Finite element modelling (1)
- Finland (1)
- First Order Reliabiblity Method (1)
- First-order reliability method (1)
- Flame residence time (1)
- Flame temperature (1)
- Fließgrenze (1)
- Flight Mechanics (1)
- Flight Tests (1)
- Flight control (1)
- Floor prices (1)
- Fluorescence (1)
- Flutter (1)
- Forces (1)
- Fracture classification (1)
- Fracture configuration (1)
- Fracture simulation (1)
- Frame structure (1)
- Free-base nicotine (1)
- Freeze–thaw process (1)
- Frequency Doubler (1)
- Frequency adaption (1)
- Frequency mixing magnetic detection (1)
- Freshmen (1)
- Fresnel collector (1)
- Fresnel power plant (1)
- Friction Drag (1)
- Fuel cell (1)
- Fuel-flexibility (1)
- Full-vehicle crash test (1)
- Fully connected car (1)
- Functional Delta Method (1)
- Furnace (1)
- Fusion (1)
- Future skills (1)
- Führungsansätze (1)
- GEO (1)
- GPU (1)
- Ga-68 (1)
- GaAs hot electron injector (1)
- Game-based learning (1)
- Gamma distribution (1)
- Gas sensor (1)
- Gas turbine combustion (1)
- Gasturbine (1)
- Gearbox (1)
- Gender (1)
- Genetic algorithm (1)
- Geometry (1)
- Geriatric (1)
- German (1)
- Glaciological instruments and methods (1)
- Glass powder (1)
- Glaucoma (1)
- Global and local collapse (1)
- Global change (1)
- Global optimization (1)
- Glucosamine (1)
- Glucose biosensor (1)
- Glucose oxidase (1)
- Gold nanoparticle (1)
- Gold nanoparticle (AuNP) (1)
- Gold nanoparticles (1)
- Goodness-of-fit tests for uniformity (1)
- Gossamer (1)
- Gossamer structures (1)
- Graph Theory (1)
- Green aircraft (1)
- Grenzwertberechnung (1)
- Grid Computing (1)
- Ground-level falls (1)
- Growth modelling (1)
- Guide Tube (1)
- Guidelines (1)
- Gunn diode (1)
- Gust wind response (1)
- HVAC (1)
- Hadamard differentiability (1)
- Haemodialysis (1)
- Hall’s Theorem (1)
- Halotolerant protease (1)
- Hand-on-training (1)
- Handbike (1)
- Harmonic Radar (1)
- Harnleiter (1)
- Hazard assessment (1)
- Health management system (1)
- Heart tissue culture (1)
- Heat transport (1)
- Heavy metal detection (1)
- Heliostat Field Calibration (1)
- Heliostats (1)
- Helmholtz equation (1)
- Hemoglobin structure (1)
- Heterostructure (1)
- Heuristic algorithms (1)
- High field MRI (1)
- High hydrogen combustion (1)
- High throughput experimentation (1)
- High-field NMR (1)
- Higher Education (1)
- Higher derivations (1)
- Higher education (1)
- Higher-order codes (1)
- Hilbert Room (1)
- Hip fractures (1)
- Hodgkin–Huxley models (1)
- Hoeffding-Blum-Kiefer-Rosenblatt independence test (1)
- Home Assistant (1)
- Home Automation Platform (1)
- Homogenization (1)
- Hotelling’s T² test (1)
- Hotplate (1)
- Human Development Index (1)
- Human-Computer interaction (1)
- Human-Robot interaction (1)
- Human-centered work design (1)
- Humidity (1)
- Hybrid Art (1)
- Hybrid Propellants (1)
- Hybrid-electric aircraft (1)
- Hybride Kunst (1)
- Hybridization (1)
- Hydraulic structures (1)
- Hydrodynamik (1)
- Hydrogel (1)
- Hydrogen combustion (1)
- Hydrogen gas turbine (1)
- Hydrogen sensor (1)
- Hydrolysis (1)
- Hyperdifferentials (1)
- Hypergraph (1)
- Hypersecretion (1)
- Hämoglobinstruktur (1)
- I3S 2005 (1)
- ICS (1)
- INSYSME (1)
- IP-based networks (1)
- IR (1)
- ISFET (1)
- ISO 26262 (1)
- IT Products (1)
- IT security education (1)
- ITS (1)
- Ice Melting (1)
- Ice melting probe (1)
- Ice penetration (1)
- Icy Moons (1)
- Icy moons (1)
- Image Database (1)
- Image Forensics (1)
- Image Quality Assessment (1)
- Image Quality Score (1)
- Image Reconstruction (1)
- Imaging (1)
- Impedance Spectroscopy (1)
- Impedance analysis (1)
- Impedance spectroscopy (1)
- Implementation Case (1)
- Implicit methods (1)
- In- plane damage (1)
- In-plane (1)
- In-plane load (1)
- In-plane performance, isolation (1)
- Incident analysis (1)
- Inclusion bodies (1)
- Inclusive work climate (1)
- Incremental Encoder (1)
- Individual Investors (1)
- Induced pluripotent stem cells (1)
- Inductive charging (1)
- Industrial Automation Technology, (1)
- Industrial Communication (1)
- Industrial facilities (1)
- Industrial optimisation (1)
- Industrial units (1)
- Industrieanlagen (1)
- Infill wall design (1)
- Inflight Regeneration, Recuperation (1)
- Information Extraction (1)
- Information and communication technology (1)
- Infused Thermal Solutions (1)
- Innovation (1)
- Inorganic ions (1)
- Inotropic compounds (1)
- Instagram store (1)
- Instructional design (1)
- Integrated empirical distribution (survival) function (1)
- Integrated mobility (1)
- Interaction (1)
- Interactive process mining (1)
- Intercultural Awareness (1)
- Interculturality (1)
- Interior Neumann eigenvalues (1)
- Interior transmission eigenvalues (1)
- Interior transmission problem (1)
- Interkulturelles Lernen (1)
- Interkulturelles Management (1)
- Interkulturelles Training (1)
- International Symposium on Sensor Science (1)
- Internet (1)
- Interplanetary flight (1)
- Interstellar objects (1)
- Interval Time Series (1)
- Intervertebral Disc (1)
- Intradiscal Pressure (1)
- Introduction (1)
- Inverse Scattering (1)
- Inverse dynamic problem (1)
- Inverse kinematic problem (1)
- Inverse scattering (1)
- Inverse scattering problem (1)
- Inverse spectral problem (1)
- Ion channels (1)
- Ions (1)
- Isolation (1)
- Jupiter (1)
- Justice (1)
- Kalkulation (1)
- Kalman filter (1)
- Kernenergie (1)
- Key competences (1)
- Keyword analysis (1)
- Kinematics (1)
- Kinetic energy (1)
- Kinetics (1)
- Klangkunst (1)
- Klotho (1)
- Knee (1)
- Knochen (1)
- Knochenbildung (1)
- Knochenchirugie (1)
- Knochendichte (1)
- Knockout mice (1)
- Knowledge Transfer (1)
- Koenig’s Theorem (1)
- Kommunikation (1)
- Kommunikationsguerrilla (1)
- Kraftwerke (1)
- Kulturvergleich (1)
- Kulturvergleichende Psychologie (1)
- Körpertemperatur (1)
- LED chip (1)
- LEO (1)
- LPS (1)
- LQR (1)
- Lab-on-Chip (1)
- Labyfrinth weirs (1)
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (1)
- Laminare Strömung (1)
- Laminarprofil (1)
- Landslide tsunamis (1)
- Langevin theory (1)
- Large Eddy Simulation (1)
- Large scale tests (1)
- Larynx position (1)
- Laser processing (1)
- Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (1)
- Latin Hypercube Sampling (1)
- Latvia (1)
- Layer-by-layer adsorption (1)
- LbL films (1)
- Leaderboard (1)
- Leadership Approaches (1)
- Leadership Theories (1)
- Leading Edge Vortex (1)
- Lean thinking (1)
- Left ventriular function (1)
- Level Control System (1)
- Level sensor (1)
- Level system (1)
- Levulinic acid (1)
- Li7La3Zr2O12 (1)
- LiDAR (1)
- LiGaO2 (1)
- Lichtstreuungsbasierte Instrumente (1)
- Lidar (1)
- Lifting propeller (1)
- Light-addressable Potentiometric Sensor (1)
- Lightning Protection (1)
- Lightning Risk (1)
- Lignocellulose (1)
- Lignocellulose feedstook (1)
- Linear discriminant analysis (1)
- Linear elastic analysis (1)
- Literature review (1)
- LiveLink for MATLAB (1)
- Liver (1)
- Load modeling (1)
- Local path planning (1)
- Long COVID (1)
- Low NOx (1)
- Low emission (1)
- Low field NMR (1)
- Low voltage (1)
- Low-Thrust Propulsion (1)
- Low-field NMR (1)
- Lunar Surface (1)
- Luxury (1)
- MATLAB , MLPI , Motion control , Open Core , industrial drives , rapid control prototypin , sercos automation bus (1)
- MAV (1)
- MCDA (1)
- MEMS (1)
- MEMS ; education and training foundry (1)
- MILP (1)
- MOS (1)
- MPC (1)
- MR safety (1)
- MR-stethoscope (1)
- MRI (1)
- MST (1)
- MUT measurement; scanner (1)
- Mach Number (1)
- Magnetic field strength (1)
- Magnetic nanoparticles (1)
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1)
- Magneto alert sensor (1)
- Main sensitivity (1)
- Mainstream (1)
- Malaysian Automotive Industry (1)
- Malaysian automotive industry (1)
- Malicious model (1)
- Managementtraining (1)
- Manifolds (1)
- Manipulated variables (1)
- Manufacturer (1)
- Map (eTOM) Process reference model Process design Telecommunications industry (1)
- Marginal homogeneity (1)
- Marginal homogeneity test (1)
- Marker-free mutagenesis (1)
- Market modeling (1)
- Masonry partition walls (1)
- Masonry structures (1)
- Master stamp (1)
- Matching (1)
- Materialermüdung (1)
- Matlab (1)
- Matrix exponential (1)
- Maßstabsgetreues Modell (1)
- Measurement models (1)
- Measurement uncertainty (1)
- Measuring instruments (1)
- Mechanical (1)
- Mechanical simulation (1)
- Mechanical stability (1)
- Mechanics (1)
- Mechanische Beanspruchung (1)
- Mechanotransduction (1)
- Medical AI (1)
- Medical radionuclide production (1)
- Medienkunst (1)
- Medusomyces gisevi (1)
- Meitner-Auger-electron (MAE) (1)
- Melting (1)
- Melting Efficiency (1)
- Melting Performance (1)
- Melting Probe (1)
- Metabolic shift (1)
- Metal contaminants (1)
- Metascintillator (1)
- Methane (1)
- Methodology (1)
- Micro turbine (1)
- Microbial adhesion (1)
- Microcirculation (1)
- Microfluidic solvent extraction (1)
- Micromagnetic simulation (1)
- Micromix combustion (1)
- Microreactors (1)
- Mikrogasturbine (1)
- Mikrosystemtechnik (1)
- Mild cognitive impairment (1)
- Minimum Risk Manoeuvre (1)
- Minimum dissipation (1)
- Minor chemistry (1)
- Missions (1)
- Mixed Integer Programming (1)
- Mixed integer linear programming (MILP) (1)
- Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Optimisation (1)
- Mixed-Methods Research (1)
- Mixed-integer nonlinear black-box optimization (1)
- Mixed-integer nonlinear problem (1)
- Mixed-integer nonlinear programming (1)
- Mixed-integer programming (1)
- Mobile Phones (1)
- Mobile web (1)
- Mobility (1)
- Mobility management (1)
- Mobility tests (1)
- Mobility transition (1)
- Mode converter (1)
- Model-driven software engineering (1)
- Modelica (1)
- Modeling (1)
- Modelling (1)
- Modern constructions (1)
- Mohr–Coulomb criterion (1)
- Molecular modelling (1)
- Molecular weight determination (1)
- Molten salt receiver (1)
- Molten salt receiver system (1)
- Molten salt receiver system, (1)
- Molten salt solar tower (1)
- Monitoring (1)
- Monotone methods (1)
- Monte Carlo Tree Search (1)
- Morphing (1)
- Motivation (1)
- Mpc (1)
- Multi-agent Systems (1)
- Multi-criteria decision analysis (1)
- Multi-criteria optimization (1)
- Multi-dimensional partial differential equations (1)
- Multi-dimensional wave propagation (1)
- Multi-objective optimization (1)
- Multi-robot systems (1)
- Multi-sample problem (1)
- Multi-sensor system (1)
- Multi-storey (1)
- Multianalyte detection (1)
- Multicell (1)
- Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (1)
- Multimode failure (1)
- Multiphase (1)
- Multiple TOF kernels (1)
- Multiplexing (1)
- Multirotor UAS (1)
- Muscle (1)
- Muscle Fascicle (1)
- Muscle Force (1)
- Muscle fibers (1)
- Musculoskeletal model (1)
- Musculoskeletal system (1)
- Myocardial infarction and cardiac death (1)
- NGN (1)
- NMR (1)
- NMR exchange relaxometry (1)
- NONOate (1)
- NOx (1)
- Nano Materials (1)
- Nanomaterial (1)
- Nanoparticles (1)
- Nanopartikel (1)
- Nanostructuring (1)
- Nanotechnologie (1)
- Nanotechnology ; Microelectronics ; Biosensors ; Superconductor ; MEMS (1)
- Natriumhypochlorit (1)
- Natural frequency (1)
- Natural language understanding (1)
- Navigation (1)
- Negative Feedback Trading (1)
- Negative impedance convertor (1)
- Neo-Deterministic (1)
- Network (1)
- Network design (1)
- Neural Network (1)
- Neural networks (1)
- Next Generation Network (1)
- Niacin (1)
- Nichtlineare Gleichung (1)
- Nichtlineare Optimierung (1)
- Nichtlineare Welle (1)
- Nitric Oxide (1)
- Nitric Oxide Donor (1)
- Nitrogen removal (1)
- Noise Exposure (1)
- Non-linear optimization (1)
- Non-model-based Evaluation (1)
- Non-parallel fissures (1)
- Nonequilibrium dynamics (1)
- Nonlinear Dynamics (1)
- Nonlinear PDEs (1)
- Nonlinear eigenvalue problems (1)
- Normative standards (1)
- Nowcasting (1)
- Nozzle (1)
- Nuclear Applications (1)
- Nucleus Pulposus (1)
- Numerical inversion of Laplace transforms (1)
- Numerical linear algebra (1)
- Numerical modelling (1)
- Numerics (1)
- O2 plasma (1)
- OR 2019 (1)
- Objective data (1)
- Ocean Worlds (1)
- Ocean worlds (1)
- Ocular blood flow (1)
- On-site (1)
- Online diagnostic (1)
- Online services (1)
- Open Source (1)
- Open channels (1)
- Operational Design Domain (1)
- Operations (1)
- Operators (1)
- Optical and thermal analysis (1)
- Optimal Closed Loop (1)
- Optimization module (1)
- Orbital dynamics (1)
- Organic acids (1)
- Organic light-emitting diode display (1)
- Organic waste (1)
- Organizational culture (1)
- Organkultur (1)
- Organophosphorus (1)
- Ostazine Orange (1)
- Osteoporose (1)
- Osteoporosis (1)
- Out-of-plane (1)
- Out-of-plane capacity (1)
- Out-of-plane failure (1)
- Out-of-plane strength (1)
- Overland flow (1)
- P2G (1)
- PBEE (1)
- PEM fuel cell (1)
- PEM fuel cells (1)
- PFM (1)
- PHILAE (1)
- PIV (1)
- PLS (1)
- PLS-regression (1)
- PPO (1)
- PROFINET (1)
- PTC (1)
- PTH (1)
- PWA (1)
- Paper recycling (1)
- Parabolic SPDEs (1)
- Parabolic trough collector (1)
- Parabolized Stability Equation (1)
- Paralympic sport (1)
- Parametric Design (1)
- Parametric Modelling (1)
- Parasitic drag (1)
- Parking (1)
- Partial nitritation (1)
- Passenger compartment (1)
- Passive stretching (1)
- Path-following (1)
- Payload (1)
- Pelvic floor dysfunction (1)
- Pelvic muscle (1)
- Penicillin (1)
- Perception (1)
- Performance (1)
- Performance measurement (1)
- Periods (1)
- Permeability (1)
- Permeabilität (1)
- Peroxidase (1)
- Personality (1)
- Pflanzenstress (1)
- Pharmacology (1)
- Phenylalanine determination (1)
- Phosphate (1)
- Photolithographic mimics (1)
- Photovoltaics (1)
- Photovoltaikanlage (1)
- Physical chemistry (1)
- Physical chemistry basics (1)
- Physical chemistry starters (1)
- Physical modeling (1)
- Physiology (1)
- Piecewise Linearization (1)
- Piecewise linearization (1)
- Piping (1)
- Planetary Protection (1)
- Planetary exploration (1)
- Plant efficiency (1)
- Plant virus (1)
- Plasma (1)
- Plasma diagnostics (1)
- Plastizität (1)
- Player Types (1)
- Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (1)
- Poly(d,l-lacticacid) (1)
- Polyimide (1)
- Polylactide acid (1)
- Polysaccharides (1)
- Porositat (1)
- Position Encoder (1)
- Post-COVID-19 syndrome (1)
- Postulates (1)
- Potential theory (1)
- Powder Material (1)
- Power conversion systems (1)
- Power dissipation (1)
- Pre-culture (1)
- Pre-treatment (1)
- Precast buildings (1)
- Predictive battery discharge (1)
- Preface (1)
- Preference assessment (1)
- Pressure loaded crack-face (1)
- Pressure-volume relationship (1)
- Pretreatment (1)
- Prevention (1)
- Privacy (1)
- Privacy-enhancing technologies (1)
- Probability distribution mapping (1)
- Process Model Extraction (1)
- Process design (1)
- Process mining (1)
- Process model (1)
- Process optimization (1)
- Process prediction (1)
- Process reference model (1)
- Process schemes (1)
- Process virtualization (1)
- Product Management (1)
- Product bundling (1)
- Product family optimization (1)
- Product-integration (1)
- Profile Extraction (1)
- Profile extraction (1)
- Profilumströmung (1)
- Progressive Web App (1)
- Progressive plastic deformation (1)
- Propeller (1)
- Propeller Aerodynamics (1)
- Propeller aerodynamics (1)
- Propeller elasticity (1)
- Propeller performance (1)
- Propeller whirl flutter (1)
- Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (1)
- Prophylaxis (1)
- Proteine (1)
- Prototype (1)
- Provocative Coaching (1)
- Provocative Style (1)
- Provokativer Stil (1)
- Proximal humerus fracture (1)
- Pseudomonas putida (1)
- Psychological concepts (1)
- Pulsations (1)
- Pumping systems (1)
- Pushover analysis (1)
- Pyrometrie (1)
- Q-criterion (1)
- Quadrocopter (1)
- Quantenmechanik (1)
- Quantitative research (1)
- Quantum Computing (1)
- Quantum Machine Learning (1)
- Quantum chemistry (1)
- Quartz crystal microbalance (1)
- Quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) (1)
- Quartz micro balances (1)
- Query learning (1)
- RAMMS (1)
- RC frames (1)
- RVA (1)
- RaWid (1)
- Radar (1)
- Random variable (1)
- Rapid Technologie (1)
- Rapid manufacturing (1)
- Rapid-prototyping (1)
- Ratcheting (1)
- Ratchetting (1)
- Reaction-diffusion (1)
- Reaction-diffusion systems (1)
- Real distinct pole (1)
- Real-time monitoring (1)
- Recombinant activated protein C (1)
- Reconstruction (1)
- Red blood cell storage (1)
- Reference Process Model (1)
- Reference modelling (1)
- Regionalization (1)
- Regulierung (1)
- Rehabilitation Technology and Prosthetics (1)
- Rehabilitation engineering (1)
- Reinforced concrete frame (1)
- Reinforcement Learning (1)
- Relation classification (1)
- Relative air humidity (1)
- Reliability analysis (1)
- Reliability of structures (1)
- Renewable energy integration (1)
- Renewable resources (1)
- Reproducible research (1)
- Requirements prioritization (1)
- Requirements relations (1)
- Resampling test (1)
- Rescue System (1)
- Research process (1)
- Reservation system (1)
- Resilience (1)
- Resilience Assessment (1)
- Resilience assessment (1)
- Resilience metric graph theory (1)
- Resilient infrastructure (1)
- Resistive temperature detector (1)
- Resolvent Operator (1)
- Resonance-mode measurement (1)
- Response Surface Method (1)
- Response spectrum (1)
- Responsibility (1)
- Retinal vessel analysis (1)
- Retinal vessels (1)
- Reusable Rocket Engines (1)
- Riboflavin (1)
- Risiko (1)
- Risk (1)
- Risk Assessment (1)
- Risk Management (1)
- RoboCup (1)
- Robotic process automation (1)
- Robotic rehabilitation (1)
- Rohr (1)
- Rohrbruch (1)
- Rotary encoder (1)
- Rotational Encoder (1)
- Rotator cuff (1)
- Rotatory Inverted Pendulum (1)
- Running (1)
- S-FEM (1)
- SFCW (1)
- SME (1)
- SOA (1)
- SSE) JEL : O33 (1)
- Safety concept (1)
- Safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) (1)
- Safety-critical systems validation (1)
- Sampling methods (1)
- ScaLAPACK (1)
- Schrödingers cat (1)
- Schwammknochen (1)
- Secure multi-party computation (1)
- Seismic (1)
- Seismic Hazard (1)
- Selective Catalytic Reduction (1)
- Self-Leadership (1)
- Self-driving (1)
- Semi-parametric random censorship model (1)
- Sensitivity (1)
- Sensors (1)
- Sensors comparison (1)
- Sepsis (1)
- Septic cardiomyopathy (1)
- Sequence-Search (1)
- Services (1)
- Severe Accident (1)
- Shakedown criterion (1)
- Sharing mobility (1)
- Shoulder (1)
- Shunting (1)
- Silk fibroin (1)
- Silos (1)
- Similarity Theory (1)
- Similitude (1)
- Simultaneous determination (1)
- Skeletal muscle (1)
- Skill Assessment (1)
- Slab deflection (1)
- Sleep EEG (1)
- Small Aral Sea (1)
- Small Solar System Body Lander (1)
- Small Spacecraft (1)
- Small spacecraft (1)
- Smart Building (1)
- Smart Building Engineering (1)
- Smart factory (1)
- Snow (1)
- Sn₃O₄ (1)
- Social impact measurement (1)
- Society (1)
- Soft independent modeling of class analogy (1)
- Software (1)
- Software Robots (1)
- Software and systems modeling (1)
- Software development (1)
- Software packages (1)
- Software testing (1)
- Solar Power Sail (1)
- Solar Sail (1)
- Solar dish (1)
- Solar irradiance (1)
- Solid amalgam electrodes (1)
- Solitary waves (1)
- Solver Per- formance (1)
- Sonic Boom (1)
- Sound Art (1)
- Sound Pressure Level (1)
- Source term (1)
- Spacecraft Trajectory Optimization (1)
- Specific Fuel Consumption (1)
- Spectral analysis (1)
- Spleen (1)
- Stadtgestaltung (1)
- Stahl (1)
- Stahlbeton (1)
- Stahlbetonkonstruktion (1)
- Star design (1)
- Statics (1)
- Statistics (1)
- Steel industry (1)
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1)
- Sterilisation process (1)
- Stochastic Programming (1)
- Stochastic programming (1)
- Story (1)
- Strategic Business Planning (1)
- Streetart (1)
- Streptomyces griseus (1)
- Streptomyces lividans (1)
- Stress testing (1)
- Structural design (1)
- Structural health monitoring (1)
- Structuralist Architecture (1)
- Strukturanalyse (1)
- Students (1)
- Studienarbeit (1)
- Subclacial exploration (1)
- Subglacial lakes (1)
- Subject-oriented Business Process Management (1)
- Suction (1)
- Supersonic Flow (1)
- Supersonic Wind Tunnel (1)
- Support System (1)
- Supraleiter (1)
- Surface imprinted polymer (1)
- Surface microorganisms (1)
- Surgical Navigation and Robotics (1)
- Surgical staplers (1)
- Survival analysis (1)
- Suspension bridge (1)
- Sustainable engineering education (1)
- Swabbing (1)
- Synchronous machines (1)
- System Design (1)
- System Design Problem (1)
- TGA (1)
- TICTOP (1)
- TM Forum (1)
- TMV adsorption (1)
- TOF PET (1)
- TTIP (1)
- Tag (1)
- Tank (1)
- Tapered ends (1)
- Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) (1)
- Ta₂O₅ gate (1)
- Teamwork (1)
- Technical Operation Research (1)
- Technical Operations Research (TOR) (1)
- Technologietransfer (1)
- Technology Challenge (1)
- Technology Transfer (1)
- Telecommunication Industry (1)
- Telecommunications Industry. (1)
- Temperaturabhängigkeit (1)
- Temperaturmessung (1)
- Tendon Rupture (1)
- Tendon properties (1)
- Tendons (1)
- Tension (1)
- Text analytics (1)
- Thermal Energy Storage (1)
- Thermal Fatigue Testing (1)
- Thermal Model (1)
- Thermal analysis (1)
- Thermal comfort (1)
- Thermal conductivity (1)
- Thermal management (1)
- Thermodynamics as minor (1)
- Thiamine (1)
- Thin shell finite elements (1)
- Three-dimensional displays (1)
- Throughput (1)
- Time-series aggregation (1)
- Time-series synchronization (1)
- Tin oxide (1)
- Tinetti test (1)
- Tissue Engineering (1)
- Tobacco mosaic virus (1)
- Tomography (1)
- Tool support (1)
- Toxicology (1)
- Trading Behavior (1)
- Train composition (1)
- Trajectories (1)
- Transdisciplinarity (1)
- Transfer impedance (1)
- Transformation (1)
- Transformation Project (1)
- Transformative Competencies (1)
- Transient flux distribution (1)
- Transit (1)
- Transiton of Control (1)
- Transmission Eigenvalues (1)
- Transponder (1)
- Trapeze effect (1)
- Triage-app (1)
- Trustworthy artificial intelligence (1)
- Turbulence (1)
- Two-phase modelling (1)
- Typical periods (1)
- Typographie (1)
- UML (1)
- USP (1)
- UTeM Engineering Knowledge Transfer Unit (1)
- Uktrahigh field MRI (1)
- Ultrasound (1)
- Umwelt (1)
- Uncertainty (1)
- Uncertainty analysis (1)
- Uniaxial compression test (1)
- Unified Modeling Language (1)
- Unmanned Air Vehicle (1)
- Unmanned aerial vehicle (1)
- Unmanned aerial vehicles (1)
- Unreinforced masonry buildings (1)
- Unreinforced masonry walls (1)
- Unsteady aerodynamics (1)
- Uracil-phosphoribosyltransferase (1)
- Urban areas (1)
- Ureter (1)
- User study (1)
- Utilization improvement (1)
- V2X (1)
- VM (1)
- VOF (1)
- VOP compression (1)
- Validation (1)
- Vapnik–Čhervonenkis class (1)
- Variable Geometry (1)
- Variable height stapler design (1)
- Vascular response (1)
- Vasomotions (1)
- Velocity (1)
- Vertebroplastie (1)
- Vertebroplasty (1)
- Vertex cover (1)
- Vibrio natriegens (1)
- Video Game (1)
- Virtual Technology Lab (1)
- Virtual reality (1)
- Virtuelle Maschine (1)
- Virtuelles Labor (1)
- Virtuelles Laboratorium (1)
- Viscous flow (1)
- Viskose Strömung (1)
- Viskosität (1)
- Visual field asymmetry (1)
- Vitamin A (1)
- Vitamin B (1)
- Vitamin D (1)
- Voice assessment (1)
- Volterra integral equation (1)
- Volume of confidence regions (1)
- Volume status (1)
- Volumes of confidence regions (1)
- Vulnerability Curves (1)
- Völkerpsychologie (1)
- WLTP (1)
- Wafer (1)
- Wasserbrücke (1)
- Wasserstoffperoxid (1)
- Wastewater (1)
- Water Distribution (1)
- Water Supply Networks (1)
- Water Supply System (1)
- Water supply system (1)
- Weak organic acids (1)
- Wearable electronic device (1)
- Wellen (1)
- Wiegand Effect (1)
- Wiegand sensor (1)
- Wind milling (1)
- Wind tunnel experiments (1)
- Wind turbulence (1)
- Windenergieanlage (1)
- Window opening (1)
- Wireless Networks (1)
- Wolff's Law (1)
- Wolffsches Gesetz (1)
- Workflow (1)
- Workflow Orchestration (1)
- Workspace monitoring (1)
- Wundheilung (1)
- XOR (1)
- Zero-knowledge proofs (1)
- Zeta potential (1)
- Zug-Druck Belastung (1)
- acetoin reductase (1)
- achilles tendon (1)
- acoustic pyrometry (1)
- actin cytoskeleton (1)
- activated nanostructured carbon (1)
- active learning (1)
- actuator-sensor system (1)
- adaptive systems (1)
- additive manufactureing (1)
- adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) (1)
- adsorption (1)
- agile (1)
- agility (1)
- aircraft engine (1)
- aktivierte nanostrukturierte Kohlenstofffaser (1)
- alcoholic beverages (1)
- allocation (1)
- alternierend Verformbarkeit (1)
- aminooctanethiol (1)
- ammonia gas sensors (1)
- amperometric biosensors (1)
- amperometric sensor (1)
- anaesthetic complications (1)
- anammox (1)
- anisotropy (1)
- annealing (1)
- anticipation strategy (1)
- antimony doped tin oxide (1)
- aortic perfusion (1)
- applications (1)
- aquaculture (1)
- aromatic amines (1)
- artificial olfactory image (1)
- aseptic parameters (1)
- aspergillus (1)
- assistance system (1)
- asteroid lander (1)
- asteroid sample return (1)
- asymptotic relative efficiency (1)
- atomic layer deposition (1)
- attitude dynamics (1)
- autofluorescence-based detection system (1)
- automated vehicles (1)
- automotive (1)
- autonomous navigation (1)
- availability (1)
- aviation application (1)
- barium strontium titanate (1)
- batteries and fuel cells (1)
- behaviour factor q (1)
- best practice (1)
- bi-enzyme biosensor (1)
- biaxial tensile experiment (1)
- bicharacteristics (1)
- bio-methane (1)
- bioavailability (1)
- bioburdens (1)
- biocompatible (1)
- biocompatible materials (1)
- biodegradabl (1)
- biodegradable electronic devices (1)
- biodegradable polymers (1)
- biofilms (1)
- biological dosimeter (1)
- biomechanics (1)
- biomethane (1)
- body imaging at 7 T MRI (1)
- body imaging at UHF MRI (1)
- body limbs (1)
- bone density (1)
- bone structure (1)
- bootstrap (1)
- borefields (1)
- borehole disposal (1)
- brachytherapy (1)
- broadband market (1)
- building energy modelling (1)
- building energy simulation (1)
- building safety (1)
- building technique (1)
- bullying (1)
- burst pressure (1)
- burst tests (1)
- business analytics (1)
- business culture (1)
- business models (1)
- business process automation (1)
- business simulation (1)
- calculations (1)
- calorimetric gas sensor (1)
- calorimetric gas sensor;hydrogen peroxide;wireless sensor system (1)
- cancellous bone (1)
- capacitive EIS sensor (1)
- capacitive electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor sensors (1)
- capacitive field-effect biosensor (1)
- capacitive model (1)
- capillary micro-droplet cell (1)
- carbon dioxide removal (1)
- carbon electrodes (1)
- carcinogens (1)
- cardiac gating (1)
- cardiomyocyte biomechanics (1)
- cardiovascular MR imaging (1)
- catalytic decomposition (1)
- catalytic metal (1)
- cell aerosolization (1)
- cell atomization (1)
- central symmetry test (1)
- ceramics (1)
- cerebral small vessel disease (1)
- chance constrained programming (1)
- change (1)
- change management (1)
- chemical reduction method (1)
- chemical sensor (1)
- chip-based sensor setup (1)
- churches (1)
- climate change (1)
- climate neutrality (1)
- coculture (1)
- cognitive impairment (1)
- coherent structures (1)
- colorization (1)
- combustion (1)
- combustor (1)
- commercial offthe- shelf solutions (1)
- community dwelling (1)
- competence developing games (1)
- complete block symmetry (1)
- compression behavior (1)
- computational fluid dynamics analysis (1)
- concentrating collector (1)
- conditional excess distribution (1)
- conditional expectation principle (1)
- confidence interval (1)
- connected automated vehicles (1)
- connection detail (1)
- connective tissue (1)
- constitutive modeling (1)
- construction (1)
- contactless conductivity sensor (1)
- contamination (1)
- contractile tension (1)
- control gate (1)
- control system (1)
- corporate sustainability (1)
- correlation (1)
- coupled Néel–Brownian relaxation dynamics (1)
- covariance principle (1)
- critical (1)
- crop yield (1)
- cross sensitivity (1)
- crystallization (1)
- culpability (1)
- current distribution (1)
- cyber-physical production system (1)
- cyber-physical production systems (1)
- cybersecurity (1)
- cytosolic water diffusion (1)
- dam-break (1)
- date palm tree (1)
- debris flow (1)
- decision analytics (1)
- deficit irrigation (1)
- dental trauma (1)
- deserts (1)
- design of technical systems (1)
- design-by-analysis (1)
- designs and models (1)
- detection of charged macromolecules (1)
- detergent protease (1)
- dialysis (1)
- difficult airway (1)
- digital economy (1)
- digital factory (1)
- digitalization (1)
- direct air capture (1)
- direct method (1)
- disposal facility (1)
- dissemination (1)
- distorted element (1)
- distribution grid simulation (1)
- diversity (1)
- diversity management (1)
- do-it-yourself (1)
- doped metal oxide (1)
- doped silicon (1)
- doping (1)
- double-lumen tube intubation (1)
- down-conductor (1)
- drag force (1)
- drop jump (1)
- drug metabolising enzymes (1)
- drug–drug interactions (1)
- e-mobility (1)
- eTOM (1)
- eVTOL development (1)
- eVTOL safety (1)
- early warning and response system (1)
- earthquake (1)
- earthquake engineering (1)
- ecological structure (1)
- economics (1)
- efficiency side-effects (1)
- eigensolvers (1)
- elastic scattering (1)
- elastic solids (1)
- elastomeric bearing (1)
- elastomers (1)
- electrical capacitance tomography (1)
- electrical conductivity of liquids (1)
- electrically driven compressors (1)
- electro-migration (1)
- electrocardiogram (1)
- electrolyte-insulator semiconductor sensor (EIS) (1)
- electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor capacitors (1)
- electromagnetic coupling (1)
- electromagnetic shield (1)
- electromyography (1)
- electronic communications markets (1)
- electronic nose (1)
- electronic noses dendronized polymers inverted mesa technology (1)
- electrospinning (1)
- embedded hardware (1)
- emission (1)
- emission index (1)
- emote practical training (1)
- encapsulation materials (1)
- endoluminal (1)
- endospores (1)
- energy (1)
- energy absorption (1)
- energy dissipation (1)
- energy disspation (1)
- energy transfer (1)
- energy transition (1)
- engine demonstration (1)
- engineering (1)
- enhanced Telecom Operations Map (eTOM) (1)
- entrepreneurship education (1)
- environment (1)
- enzymatic (bio)degradation (1)
- enzymatic biosensor (1)
- enzymatic methods (1)
- enzyme cascade (1)
- enzyme immobilisation (1)
- enzyme immobilization (1)
- enzyme kinetics (1)
- enzyme-logic gate (1)
- epithelization (1)
- equivalent circuit (1)
- equivalent stiffness (1)
- event-based simulation (1)
- exchangeability test (1)
- exopolysaccharides (1)
- experimental evaluation (1)
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (1)
- eye movement modelling examples (1)
- fatigue analyses (1)
- fault detection (1)
- fenitrothion (1)
- fibers (1)
- fibroin (1)
- field-effect structure (1)
- filamentous fungi (1)
- filtration (1)
- finite element analysis (1)
- finite element method (1)
- flaw (1)
- flotilla missions (1)
- flue gas components (1)
- fluid structure interaction (1)
- fluidic (1)
- food production (1)
- force generation (1)
- forecast (1)
- forehead EEG (1)
- fortschreitende plastische Deformation (1)
- fragility curves (1)
- frequency mixing (1)
- friction (1)
- friction pendulum bearing (1)
- fuel cell (1)
- fuel cell systems (1)
- fuel cell vehicle (1)
- functional data (1)
- ga-doping (1)
- gait (1)
- gamification (1)
- garnet solid electrolyte (1)
- gas flow (1)
- gas sensor array (1)
- gas turbine (1)
- gaseous hydrogen peroxide (1)
- gender and diversity (1)
- genetic algorithm (1)
- genome engineering (1)
- geological disposal (1)
- geothermal (1)
- glass (1)
- global optimization (1)
- glucose (1)
- glucose oxidase (GOx) (1)
- glycine (1)
- goodness-of-fit test (1)
- granular silo (1)
- graphene oxide (1)
- grey energy (1)
- guide (1)
- habitability (1)
- halotolerant protease (1)
- harmonic radar tags (1)
- health management systems (1)
- healthy aging (1)
- heat demand (1)
- heat transfer coefficient (1)
- heater metallisation (1)
- heating system (1)
- heavy metals (1)
- heliosphere (1)
- hemoglobin (1)
- hemoglobin dynamics (1)
- hiPS cardiomyocytes (1)
- high field MR imaging (1)
- high-alkaline subtilisin (1)
- high-intensity exercise (1)
- high-k material (1)
- high-temperature stability (1)
- honeynet (1)
- honeypot (1)
- horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (1)
- hot gas cleanup (1)
- huge dimensional data (1)
- human dermal fibroblasts (1)
- human digital shadow (1)
- human factors (1)
- human metabolites (1)
- human-machine interface (1)
- humic acid (1)
- humidity (1)
- hybrid laminar flow (1)
- hybrid system (1)
- hybrid-system (1)
- hydraulic modelling (1)
- hydrogels (1)
- hydroxylation (1)
- hyper-gravity (1)
- hyperelastic (1)
- hypo-gravity (1)
- hypoplasticity (1)
- ice moons (1)
- icy moons (1)
- ignition (1)
- image sensor (1)
- imaging (1)
- impulsive effects (1)
- in-ear EEG (1)
- in-plane (1)
- in-plane and out-of-plane failure (1)
- in-situ monitoring (1)
- incontinence (1)
- independence test (1)
- induced voltage (1)
- induced voltages (1)
- industrial agents (1)
- industry 4.0 (1)
- infill strategy (1)
- information systems (1)
- ingot (1)
- innovation (1)
- innovation management (1)
- integrated transmit coil arrays (1)
- integration SHM in BIM (1)
- intelligent control (1)
- intelligent energy management (1)
- interconnected sensor systems (1)
- internal combustion engine (1)
- internet of production (1)
- intraclass correlation coefficient (1)
- ion propulsion (1)
- ion-selective electrodes (1)
- irradiation (1)
- jevons paradox (1)
- key performance indicators (1)
- kontraktile Spannung (1)
- konvexe Optimierung (1)
- lab work (1)
- lab-on-a-chip (1)
- lab-on-chip (1)
- lable-free detection (1)
- large language models (1)
- large-scale inspection (1)
- laser based powder fusion (1)
- latent heat (1)
- lattice (1)
- layer expansion (1)
- layer-by-layer technique (1)
- learning theories (1)
- legal obligations (1)
- lenslet array (1)
- lessons learned (1)
- liability (1)
- liberalisation (1)
- life detection (1)
- light scattering analysis (1)
- light-addressable electrode (1)
- light-addressing technologies (1)
- lightning flash (1)
- lignite (1)
- limit and shakedown analysis (1)
- linear elastic analysis; (1)
- linear kinematic hardening (1)
- lipopolysaccharide (1)
- liquid storage tank (1)
- liquid-storage tank (1)
- liquid-structure interaction (1)
- literature (1)
- lizards (1)
- load limit (1)
- lockdown conditions (1)
- low-rank coal (1)
- low-thrust (1)
- low-thrust trajectory optimization (1)
- lower bound theorem (1)
- machine learning (1)
- macro-element (1)
- magnetic actuation (1)
- magnetic beads (1)
- magnetic biosensing (1)
- magnetic field (1)
- magnetic fields (1)
- magnetic particles (1)
- magnetic relaxation (1)
- magnetic resonance imaging (1)
- magnetic sandwich immunoassay (1)
- magnetic sensing (1)
- magnetic sensors (1)
- magnetic separation (1)
- magnetic tweezers (1)
- magnetophoretic velocity (1)
- mainstream deammonification (1)
- manufacturing (1)
- manufacturing data model (1)
- marketing (1)
- masonry structures (1)
- material shakedown (1)
- matrix method (1)
- mechanical buffer (1)
- mechanical properties (1)
- mechanical waves (1)
- metagenomics (1)
- metal façade (1)
- metal oxide (1)
- metal-oxide-semiconductor structure (1)
- method of fundamental solutions (1)
- metrological characterization (1)
- microbial diversity (1)
- micromagnetic simulation (1)
- micronutrients (1)
- microplasma (1)
- microreactor (1)
- microwave (MW) plasma (1)
- microwave generation (1)
- microwave measurements (1)
- mix flexibility (1)
- mixed-integer linear programming (1)
- mobile manipulation (1)
- mobility behaviour (1)
- model performance (1)
- model-predictive control (1)
- modeling biosensor (1)
- modelling (1)
- modern constructions (1)
- modified electrode (1)
- motivation (1)
- motivation theories (1)
- multi-agent systems (1)
- multi-functional material (1)
- multi-interface measurement (1)
- multi-sensing platform (1)
- multianalyte detection (1)
- multinomial distribution (1)
- multiparametric immunoassays (1)
- multiplex detection (1)
- multivariate normal distribution (1)
- muscle mechanics (1)
- nanobelts (1)
- nanomaterials (1)
- nanoparticle coverage (1)
- naphtols (1)
- near-Earth asteroid (1)
- negative emissions (1)
- neutrons (1)
- next generation access networks (1)
- next generation network (1)
- nitric oxides (1)
- nitrogen elimination (1)
- nitrogen oxides (1)
- non-simplex S-FEM elements (1)
- nonlinear VNA measurements (1)
- nonlinear kinematic hardening (1)
- nonlinear optimization (1)
- nonlinear radar (1)
- nonlinear solids (1)
- nonlinear tensor constitutive equation (1)
- nonlinear transient analyses (1)
- novel photoexcitation method (1)
- nuclear waste (1)
- numerical model (1)
- on-chip integrated addressable EISCAP sensors (1)
- onion (1)
- open educational resources (1)
- operational aspects (1)
- optical fibers (1)
- optical sensor setup (1)
- optical spore trapping (1)
- optical trapping (1)
- optimization (1)
- optimization system (1)
- orbit control (1)
- orbital dynamics (1)
- organic PVC membranes (1)
- organosilanes (1)
- out-of-plane (1)
- overload (1)
- overvoltages (1)
- oxidative stable protease (1)
- pH sensors (1)
- pH-based biosensing (1)
- parabolic flight (1)
- passive inter-modulation (1)
- passive thermal control (1)
- pattern-size reduction (1)
- penicillin (1)
- performance analysis (1)
- performance testing (1)
- phenols (1)
- phonocardiogram (1)
- photoelectrochemistry (1)
- photovoltaic system (1)
- physical model (1)
- physiology (1)
- pipes (1)
- planetary defence (1)
- plant stress (1)
- plant virus detection (1)
- plasma generated ions (1)
- plasma jet (1)
- plug-based microfluidic device (1)
- point-focussing system (1)
- policy recommendations (1)
- poly(d, l-lactic acid) (1)
- polyaniline (1)
- polyaspartic acid (1)
- polyetheretherketone (1)
- polyetheretherketone (PEEK) (1)
- polymer composites (1)
- polystyrene sulfonate (1)
- porous Pt electrode (1)
- porous materials (1)
- portfolio risk (1)
- power integrity (1)
- power-to-gas (1)
- prefabrication (1)
- prevention (1)
- principal component (1)
- probabilistic fracture mechanics (1)
- product bundling (1)
- product liability (1)
- production planning and control (1)
- professional skills (1)
- programming (1)
- prostate cancer (1)
- prostatectomy (1)
- protection measures (1)
- protein (1)
- proton therapy (1)
- protons (1)
- psychosocial (1)
- pullulan (1)
- purchase factor (1)
- quality of life (1)
- quantum charging (1)
- random effects (1)
- random effects meta-regression model (1)
- raytracing (1)
- recombinant expression (1)
- recommendations for actions (1)
- rehabilitation (1)
- relative dosimetry (1)
- reliability (1)
- reliability analysis (1)
- reliability of structures (1)
- remote sensing (1)
- remote teamwork (1)
- renewable energies (1)
- requirements (1)
- research association (1)
- research framework (1)
- resilience (1)
- resource abundance (1)
- responsive space (1)
- retention time (1)
- retinal microvasculature (1)
- retinal vessels (1)
- review (1)
- rhAPC (1)
- risk assessment (1)
- risk sharing (1)
- roleplay (1)
- rollout (1)
- rubber (1)
- running (1)
- sEMG (1)
- safety control (1)
- sailcraft (1)
- sample return (1)
- sarcomere operating length (1)
- scaled model (1)
- scanned light pulse technique (1)
- screen-printing (1)
- second-order reliability method (1)
- seismic hazard (1)
- seismic isolation (1)
- seismic response (1)
- seismic risk (1)
- seismic structural damage detection via SHM (1)
- seismic vulnerability (1)
- self-aligned patterning (1)
- semantic role labeling (1)
- sensing properties (1)
- sensor networks (1)
- sensors (1)
- separable Hilbert space (1)
- series elastic element behavior (1)
- service-oriented architectures (1)
- shakedown analyses (1)
- shopping behavior (1)
- shotgun sequencing (1)
- shoulder (1)
- signal integrity (1)
- silanization (1)
- simplified approach (1)
- simulation (1)
- sizing (1)
- slum classification (1)
- small and medium scaled companies (1)
- small solar system body characterisation (1)
- small spacecraft asteroid lander (1)
- small spacecraft solar sail (1)
- smart building engineering (1)
- smart engineering (1)
- smart-charging (1)
- smooth muscle contraction (1)
- social responsible engineering (1)
- socio-economic welfare (1)
- software engineering (1)
- software evaluation (1)
- software selection (1)
- soil amendment (1)
- soil health (1)
- soil remediation (1)
- solar process heat (1)
- solar sails (1)
- solar system (1)
- solid-state battery (1)
- space missions (1)
- spatial resolution (1)
- speaker attribution (1)
- spore kill rate (1)
- sprint start (1)
- standard error of measurement (1)
- star tracker (1)
- steam production (1)
- steel columns (1)
- sterility (1)
- sterility tests (1)
- sterilization (1)
- sterilization conditions (1)
- sterilization efficacy (1)
- sterilization methods (1)
- stiffness (1)
- stochastic optimization (1)
- stochastic programming (1)
- storage dispatch (1)
- storage optimisation (1)
- strain energy function (1)
- stretch reflex (1)
- stretch-shortening cycle (1)
- structural equation model (1)
- structure-soil-structure interaction (1)
- subglacial aquatic ecosystems (1)
- subroutine (1)
- subsurface ice (1)
- subsurface ice research (1)
- subsurface probe (1)
- suction structure (1)
- suction systems (1)
- superabsorbent polymers (1)
- superparamagnetic bead (1)
- superparamagnetic nanoparticles (1)
- supramolecular structures (1)
- surface functionalization (1)
- surface-orthogonal path planning (1)
- survival (1)
- swelling properties (1)
- swift heavy ions (1)
- swimming (1)
- system engineering (1)
- system optimization (1)
- system synthesis (1)
- systematic (1)
- systematic literature review (1)
- tablet game (1)
- teaching (1)
- technical operations research (1)
- technology (1)
- technology diffusion (1)
- technology planning (1)
- telecommunication (1)
- temperature (1)
- temperature measurement (1)
- tendon rupture (1)
- tension–torsion loading (1)
- test-retest reliability (1)
- testing (1)
- theory and modeling (1)
- thermal dose (1)
- thermal insulation (1)
- thermal ratcheting (1)
- thermal storage (1)
- thermo-physical (1)
- thermometry (1)
- thick-film technology (1)
- thin-film microsensors (1)
- tilted constant illumination (1)
- tissue temperature (1)
- titanium dioxide photoanode (1)
- touch voltage (1)
- training simulator (1)
- transmit antenna arrays (1)
- transponder (1)
- transporters (1)
- tri-lineage differentiation (1)
- truss (1)
- turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) (1)
- twin-fluid atomizer (1)
- ultrasonography (1)
- ultrathin gate insulators (1)
- underwater vehicle (1)
- uniformly most powerful invariant test (1)
- unloading (1)
- unreinforced masonry buildings (1)
- urban farming (1)
- urease (1)
- user & usage (1)
- validation methods (1)
- vault (1)
- vessels (1)
- video learning (1)
- videolaryngoscopy (1)
- virgin passive (1)
- virtual clean room (1)
- viscoelasticity (1)
- visualization (1)
- vocal fold oscillation (1)
- voltammetry (1)
- volume flexibility (1)
- wafer-level testing (1)
- walking (1)
- walking gait (1)
- wastewater (1)
- water bridge phenomenon (1)
- water economy (1)
- water supply design (1)
- water supply system (1)
- wave run-up (1)
- wind turbine (1)
- wind turbine production (1)
- wound healing (1)
- yield (1)
- yield stress (1)
- Öffentlicher Raum (1)
- Überspannung (1)
- α-aminoacylase (1)
- ε-lysine acylase (1)
Light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS) are semiconductor-based potentiometric sensors, with the advantage to detect the concentration of a chemical species in a liquid solution above the sensor surface in a spatially resolved manner. The addressing is achieved by a modulated and focused light source illuminating the semiconductor and generating a concentration-depending photocurrent. This work introduces a LAPS set-up that is able to monitor the electrical impedance in addition to the photocurrent. The impedance spectra of a LAPS structure, with and without illumination, as well as the frequency behaviour of the LAPS measurement are investigated. The measurements are supported by electrical equivalent circuits to explain the impedance and the LAPS-frequency behaviour. The work investigates the influence of different parameters on the frequency behaviour of the LAPS. Furthermore, the phase shift of the photocurrent, the influence of the surface potential as well as the changes of the sensor impedance will be discussed.
Enterprise SOA Roadmap
(2008)
In the Collaborative Research Center SFB 401 at RWTH Aachen University, the numerical aeroelastic method SOFIA for direct numerical aeroelastic simulation is being progressively developed. Numerical results obtained by applying SOFIA were compared with measured data of static and dynamic aeroelastic wind tunnel tests for an elastic swept wing in subsonic flow.
Computational aeroelastic analysis and design of the HIRENASD wind tunnel wing model and tests
(2007)
In this part of the MEGADESIGN project, aeroelastic effects are introduced into the aerodynamic analysis of aircrafts by coupling DLR’s flow solvers TAU and FLOWer to a Timoshenko-beam solver. The emerging aeroelastic solvers and a method for the automatic identification of Timoshenko-beam models for wing-box structures were integrated into a simulation environment enabling the combined optimisation of aerodynamic wing shape and structure.
The chemical imaging sensor is a semiconductor-based chemical sensor that can visualize the spatial distribution of specific ions on the sensing surface. The conventional chemical imaging system based on the light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS), however, required a long time to obtain a chemical image, due to the slow mechanical scan of a single light beam. For high-speed imaging, a plurality of light beams modulated at different frequencies can be employed to measure the ion concentrations simultaneously at different locations on the sensor plate by frequency division multiplex (FDM). However, the conventional measurement geometry of back-side illumination limited the bandwidth of the modulation frequency required for FDM measurement, because of the low-pass filtering characteristics of carrier diffusion in the Si substrate. In this study, a high-speed chemical imaging system based on front-side-illuminated LAPS was developed, which achieved high-speed spatiotemporal recording of pH change at a rate of 70 frames per second.
Smart pixel : photonic mixer device (PMD) ; new system concept of a 3D-imaging camera-on-a-chip
(1998)
Modification and testing of an engine and fuel control system for a hydrogen fuelled gas turbine
(2011)
Time-of-flight (ToF) sensors have become an alternative to conventional distance sensing techniques like laser scanners or image based stereo. ToF sensors provide full range distance information at high frame-rates and thus have a significant impact onto current research in areas like online object recognition, collision prevention or scene reconstruction. However, ToF cameras like the photonic mixer device (PMD) still exhibit a number of challenges regarding static and dynamic effects, e.g. systematic distance errors and motion artefacts, respectively. Sensor calibration techniques reducing static system errors have been proposed and show promising results. However, current calibration techniques in general need a large set of reference data in order to determine the corresponding parameters for the calibration model. This paper introduces a new calibration approach which combines different demodulation techniques for the ToF- camera 's reference signal. Examples show, that the resulting combined demodulation technique yields improved distance values based on only two required reference data sets.
This article describes the functionality of a MATLAB® library that can be used to develop motion-logic applications in MATLAB programming language for industrial drive and control systems using the well known sercos automation bus. Therewith MATLAB's functionality is extended to designing automation applications from single axis machines up to multi-kinematic robots.
In this work, a multi-sensor chip for the investigation of the sensing properties of different types of metal oxides towards hydrogen peroxide in the ppm range is presented. The fabrication process and physical characterization of the multi-sensor chip are described. Pure SnO2 and WO3 as well as Pd- and Pt-doped SnO2 films are characterized in terms of their sensitivity to H2O2. The sensing films have been prepared by drop-coating of water-dispensed nano-powders. A physical characterization, including scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of the deposited metal-oxide films, was done. From the measurements in hydrogen peroxide atmosphere, it could be shown, that all of the tested metal oxide films are suitable for the detection of H2O2 in the ppm range. The highest sensitivity and reproducibility was achieved using Pt-doped SnO2.
Calibration plot of a SnO2, WO3, Pt-, and Pd-doped SnO2 gas sensor for H2O2 concentrations in the ppm range.
We present a sensor concept based on copper(II)oxide (CuO) nanofibres for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) vapour in the percent per volume (% v/v) range. The fibres were produced by using the electrospinning technique. To avoid water condensation in the pores, the fibres were initially modified by an exposure to H2S to get an enclosed surface. By a thermal treatment at 350 °C the fibres were oxidised back to CuO. Thereby, the visible pores disappear which was verified by SEM analysis. The fibres show a decrease of resistance with increasing H2O2 concentration which is due to the fact that hydrogen peroxide is an oxidising gas and CuO a p-type semiconductor. The sensor shows a change of resistance within the minute range to the exposure until the maximum concentration of 6.9% v/v H2O2. At operating temperatures below 450 °C the corresponding sensor response to a concentration of 4.1% v/v increases. The sensor shows a good reproducibility of the signal at different measurements. CuO seems to be a suitable candidate for the detection of H2O2 vapour at high concentrations.
Resistance behaviour of the sensor under exposure to H2O2 vapours between 2.3 and 6.9% v/v at an operating temperature of 450 °C.
The determination of spacing, edge and end distance requirements for self-tapping screws requires numerous and comprehensive insertion tests. Yet the results of such tests cannot be transferred to other types of screws or even to screws of different diameter because of differences in shape or geometry. To reduce the effort of insertion tests a new method was developed which allows the estimation of required spacings, distances and timber thickness.
Biodiversity and the coexistence of species have puzzled and fascinated biologists since decades and is a hotspot in todays’ natural sciences. Preserving this biodiversity is a great challenge as habitats and environments underlying tremendous changes like climate change and the loss of natural habitats, which are mainly due to anthropogenic influences. The coexistence of numerous species even in homogeneous environments is a stunning feature of natural communities and has been summarized under the term ‘paradox of plankton’. Up to now, there are several mechanisms discussed, which may contribute to local and global diversity of organisms. Several interspecific trade offs have been identified maintaining the coexistence of species like their abilities regarding competition and predator avoidance, their capability to disperse in space and time, and their ability to exploit variable resources. Further, micro-evolutionary dynamics supporting the coexistence of species have been added to our knowledge, and deriving from theoretical deterministic models, non-linear dynamics which describe the temporal fluctuation of abundances of organisms. Whereas competition and predation seem to be clue structural elements within interacting organisms, the intrinsic dynamic behavior – by means of temporal changes in abundance - plays an important role regarding coexistence within a community. The present work sheds light on different factors affecting the coexistence of species using experimental microbial model systems consisting of a bacterivorous ciliate as the predator and two bacteria strains as prey organism. Additionally, another experimental setup consisting of two up to five bacteria species competing for one limiting resource was investigated. Highly controllable chemostat systems were established to exclude extrinsic disturbances. According to theoretical analyses I was able to show - experimentally and theoretically - that phenotypic plasticity of one species within a microbial one-predator-two-prey food web enlarges the range of possible coexistence of all species under different dynamic conditions, compared to a food web without phenotypic plasticity. This was accompanied by non-linear (chaotic) population dynamics within all experimental systems showing phenotypic plasticity. The experiments on the interplay of competition, predation and invasion showed that all aspects have an influence on species coexistence. Under undisturbed controlled conditions all aspects were analyzed in detail and in combination. Populations showed oscillations which were shown by quasi-chaotic attractors in phase space diagrams. Competition experiments with two up to five bacteria species competing for one limiting resource showed that all organisms were able to coexist which was mediated by species oscillations entering a regime of chaos. Besides that fact it was found, that the productivity (biomass) as well as the total cell numbers – under the same nutrition supply – increased by an increasing number of species in the experimental systems. Up to now, the occurrence of non-linear dynamics in well controlled experimental studies has been recognized several times and this phenomenon seemed to be more common in natural systems than generally assumed.
Temperature-dependent ranges of coexistence in a model of a two-prey-one-predator microbial food web
(2012)
The objective of our study was to analyze the effects of temperature on the population dynamics of a three-species food web consisting of two prey bacteria (Pedobacter sp. and Acinetobacter johnsonii) and a protozoan predator (Tetrahymena pyriformis) as model organisms. We assessed the effects of temperature on the growth rates of all three species with the objective of developing a model with four differential equations based on the experimental data. The following hypotheses were tested at a theoretical level: Firstly, temperature changes can affect the dynamic behavior of a system by temperature-dependent parameters and interactions and secondly, food web response to temperature cannot be derived from the single species temperature response. The main outcome of the study is that temperature changes affect the parameter range where coexistence is possible within all three species. This has significant consequences on our ideas regarding the evaluation of effects of global warming.
Differential modulation of valence and arousal in high-alexithymic and low-alexithymic individuals
(2010)
High-alexithymic individuals are characterized by an impaired ability to identify and communicate emotions whereas low-alexithymic individuals have a wide-ranging ability to deal with emotions. This study examined the hypothesis that valence and arousal modifications of emotional stimuli differentially modulate cortical regions in high-alexithymic and low-alexithymic individuals. To this end, 28 high-alexithymic and 25 low-alexithymic individuals were investigated with event-related fMRI using visual emotional stimuli. We found differential neural activations in the dorsal anterior cingulate, the insula and the amygdala. We suggest that these differences may account for the impaired ability of high-alexithymic individuals to appropriately handle emotional stimuli.
Background: One of the most prominent neurobiological models of alexithymia assumes an altered function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as the crucial neural correlate of alexithymia. So far functional imaging studies have yielded inconclusive results. Therefore, we tested this hypothesis in healthy alexithymics and nonalexithymics in an event-related fMRI study.
Methods: Thirty high- and 30 low-alexithymic right-handed male subjects (selected by the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, TAS-20) were investigated with event-related fMRI using a picture viewing paradigm. The stimuli consisted of happy, fearful and neutral facial expressions (Ekman-Friesen) as well as positive, negative and neutral pictures from the International Affective Picture System.
Results: Contrasting the high-alexithymic with the low-alexithymic group we observed increased activation of the supragenual ACC for different emotional valences as well as for different emotional stimuli. Moreover, there was a positive correlation of the ACC with the individual TAS-20 scores but no correlations with the individual Beck Depression Inventory scores. Additionally, there was no difference in activity of the amygdala.
Conclusions: We demonstrated that the supragenual ACC is constantly activated more strongly in alexithymic subjects and that this activation is related to the symptoms of alexithymia and not to associated symptoms such as depression. Therefore, our findings support the hypothesis of an altered function of the ACC in alexithymia.
A wireless sensor system based on the industrial ZigBee standard for low-rate wireless networking was developed that enables real-time monitoring of gaseous H2O2 during the package sterilization in aseptic food processes. The sensor system consists of a remote unit connected to a calorimetric gas sensor, which was already established in former works, and an external base unit connected to a laptop computer. The remote unit was built up by an XBee radio frequency (RF) module for data communication and a programmable system-on-chip controller to read out the sensor signal and process the sensor data, whereas the base unit is a second XBee RF module. For the rapid H2O2 detection on various locations inside the package that has to be sterilized, a novel read-out strategy of the calorimetric gas sensor was established, wherein the sensor response is measured within the short sterilization time and correlated with the present H2O2 concentration. In an exemplary measurement application in an aseptic filling machinery, the suitability of the new, wireless sensor system was demonstrated, wherein the influence of the gas velocity on the H2O2 distribution inside a package was determined and verified with microbiological tests.
Effectiveness of the edge-based smoothed finite element method applied to soft biological tissues
(2012)
An increasing amount of popular articles focus on making models and sculptures by 3D Printing thus making more and more even private users aware of this technology. Unfortunately they mostly draw an incomplete picture of how our daily life will be influenced by this new technology. Often this is caused by a very technical point of view based on not very representative examples. This article focuses on the peoples needs as they have been structured by the so-called Maslow pyramid. Doing so, it underlines that 3D Printing (called Additive Manufacturing or Rapid Prototyping as well) already touches all aspects of life and is about to revolutionize most of them.
The interest in PET detectors with monolithic block scintillators is growing. In order to obtain high spatial resolutions dedicated positioning algorithms are required. But even an ideal algorithm can only deliver information which is provided by the detector. In this simulation study we investigated the light distribution on one surface of cuboid LSO scintillators of different size. Scintillators with a large aspect ratio (small footprint and large height) showed significant position information only for a minimum interaction depth of the gamma particle. The results allow a quantitative estimate for a useful aspect ratio.
In our case the double-side-method is used to minimize the complexity of a matrix-readout. Here the number of channels is reduced to 2√N̅. It is also possible to benefit from the method in a single pixel readout system. One signal can be used to measure position and energy of the event, the other one can be applied to a fast trigger-circuit at the same time. In a next step we will investigate timing behavior and electrical crosstalk of the circuit.
Following the success of PET/CT during the last decade and the recent increasing proliferation of SPECT/CT, another hybrid imaging instrument has been gaining more and more interest: MR-PET. First combined, simultaneous PET and MR studies carried out in small animals demonstrated the feasibility of the new approach. Concurrently, some prototypes of an MR-PET scanner for simultaneous human brain studies have been built, their performance is being tested and preliminary applications have already been shown. Through this pioneering work, it has become clear that advances in the detector design are necessary for further optimization.
Recently, the different issues related to the present state and future prospects of MR-PET were presented and discussed during an international 2-day workshop at the Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, held after, and in conjunction with, the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference in Dresden, Germany on October 27–28, 2008. The topics ranged from small animal MR-PET imaging to human MR-BrainPET imaging, new detector developments, challenges/opportunities for ultra-high field MR-PET imaging and considerations of possible future research and clinical applications. This report presents a critical summary of the contributions made to the workshop.
Design and initial performance of PlanTIS: a high-resolution positron emission tomograph for plants
(2010)
Positron emitters such as 11C, 13N and 18F and their labelled compounds are widely used in clinical diagnosis and animal studies, but can also be used to study metabolic and physiological functions in plants dynamically and in vivo. A very particular tracer molecule is 11CO2 since it can be applied to a leaf as a gas. We have developed a Plant Tomographic Imaging System (PlanTIS), a high-resolution PET scanner for plant studies. Detectors, front-end electronics and data acquisition architecture of the scanner are based on the ClearPET™ system. The detectors consist of LSO and LuYAP crystals in phoswich configuration which are coupled to position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes. Signals are continuously sampled by free running ADCs, and data are stored in a list mode format. The detectors are arranged in a horizontal plane to allow the plants to be measured in the natural upright position. Two groups of four detector modules stand face-to-face and rotate around the field-of-view. This special system geometry requires dedicated image reconstruction and normalization procedures. We present the initial performance of the detector system and first phantom and plant measurements.
The readout of gamma detectors is considerably simplified when the event intensity is encoded as a pulse width (Pulse Width Modulation, PWM). Time-to-Digital-Converters (TDC) replace the conventional ADCs and multiple TDCs can be realized easily in one PLD chip (Programmable Logic Device). The output of a PWM stage is only one digital signal per channel which is well suited for transport so that further processing can be performed apart from the detector. This is particularly interesting for large systems with high channel density (e.g. high resolution scanners). In this work we present a circuit with a linear transfer function that requires a minimum of components by performing the PWM already in the preamp stage. This allows a very compact and also cost-efficient implementation of the front-end electronics.
The monolithic scintillator block approach for gamma detection in the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) avoids estimating Depth of Interaction (DOI), reduces dead zones in detector and diminishes costs of detector production. Neural Networks (NN) are very efficient to determine the entrance point of a gamma incident on a scintillator block. This paper presents results on the robustness of the spatial resolution as a function of the random fraction in the data, temperature and HV fluctuations. This is important when implementing the method in a real scanner. Measurements were done with two Hamamatsu S8550 APD arrays, glued on a 20 Ã 20 Ã 10 mm3 monolithic LSO crystal block.
Unravelling the factors determining the allocation of carbon to various plant organs is one of the great challenges of modern plant biology. Studying allocation under close to natural conditions requires non-invasive methods, which are now becoming available for measuring plants on a par with those developed for humans. By combining magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), we investigated three contrasting root/shoot systems growing in sand or soil, with respect to their structures, transport routes and the translocation dynamics of recently fixed photoassimilates labelled with the short-lived radioactive carbon isotope 11C. Storage organs of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and radish plants (Raphanus sativus) were assessed using MRI, providing images of the internal structures of the organs with high spatial resolution, and while species-specific transport sectoralities, properties of assimilate allocation and unloading characteristics were measured using PET. Growth and carbon allocation within complex root systems were monitored in maize plants (Zea mays), and the results may be used to identify factors affecting root growth in natural substrates or in competition with roots of other plants. MRI–PET co-registration opens the door for non-invasive analysis of plant structures and transport processes that may change in response to genomic, developmental or environmental challenges. It is our aim to make the methods applicable for quantitative analyses of plant traits in phenotyping as well as in understanding the dynamics of key processes that are essential to plant performance.
Two of the main environmental problems of today’s society are the continuously increasing production of organic wastes as well as the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the related green house effect. A way to solve these problems is the production of biogas. Biogas is a combustible gas consisting of methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of other gases and trace elements. Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion of animal manure and slurries as well as of a wide range of digestible organic wastes and agricultural residues, converts these substrates into electricity and heat and offers a natural fertiliser for agriculture. The microbiological process of decomposition of organic matter, in the absence of oxygen takes place in reactors, called digesters. Biogas can be used as a fuel in a gas turbine or burner and can be used in a hybrid solar tower system offering a solution for waste treatment of agricultural and animal residues. A solar tower system consists of a heliostat field, which concentrates direct solar irradiation on an open volumetric central receiver. The receiver heats up ambient air to temperatures of around 700°C. The hot air’s heat energy is transferred to a steam Rankine cycle in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The steam drives a steam turbine, which in turn drives a generator for producing electricity. In order to increase the operational hours of a solar tower power plant, a heat storage system and/ or hybridization may be considered. The advantage of solar-fossil hybrid power plants, compared to solar-only systems, lies in low additional investment costs due to an adaptable solar share and reduced technical and economical risks. On sunny days the hybrid system operates in a solar-only mode with the central receiver and on cloudy days and at night with the gas turbine only. As an alternative to methane gas, environmentally neutral biogas can be used for operating the gas turbine. Hence, the hybrid system is operated to 100% from renewable energy sources
Tristan und Isolde, Samson und Dalila, Capriccio : 3D illustration for posters of Cologne Opera
(2009)
Beyond ClearPET: Next Aims
(2008)
The CRYSTAL CLEAR collaboration, in short CCC, is a consortium of 12 academic institutions, mainly from Europe, joining efforts in the area of developing instrumentation for nuclear medicine and medical imaging. In the framework of the CCC a high performance small animal PET system, called ClearPET, was developed by using new technologies in electronics and crystals in a phoswich arrangement combining two types of lutetium- based scintillator materials: LSO:Ce and LuYAP:Ce. Our next aim will be the development of hybrid image systems. Hybrid MR-PET imaging has many unique advantages for brain research. This has sparked a new research line within CCC for the development of novel MR-PET compatible technologies. MRI is not as sensitive as PET but PET has poorer spatial resolution than MRI. Two major advantages of PET are sensitivity and its ability to acquire metabolic information. To assess these innovations, the development of a 9.4T hybrid animal MR-PET scanner is proposed based on an existing 9.4T MR scanner that will be adapted to enable simultaneous acquisition of MR and PET data using cutting- edge technology for both MR and PET.
Plant growth and transport processes are highly dynamic. They are characterized by plant-internal control processes and by strong interactions with the spatially and temporally varying environment. Analysis of structure- function relations of growth and transport in plants will strongly benefit from the development of non-invasive techniques. PlanTIS (Plant Tomographic Imaging System) is designed for non-destructive 3D-imaging of positron emitting radiotracers. It will permit functional analysis of the dynamics of carbon distribution in plants including bulky organs. It will be applicable for screening transport properties of plants to evaluate e.g. temperature adaptation of genetically modified plants. PlanTIS is a PET scanner dedicated to monitor the dynamics of the 11C distribution within a plant while or after assimilation of 11CO2. Front end electronics and data acquisition architecture of the scanner are based on the ClearPETTM system [1]. Four detector modules form one of two opposing detector blocks. Optionally, a hardware coincidence detection between the blocks can be applied. In general the scan duration is rather long (~ 1 hour) compared to the decay time of 11C (20 min). As a result the count rates can vary over a wide range and accurate dead time correction is necessary.
Development of an optimized LSO/LuYAP phoswich detector head for the Lausanne ClearPET demonstrator
(2006)
This paper describes the LSO/LuYAP phoswich detector head developed for the ClearPET small animal PET scanner demonstrator that is under construction in Lausanne within the Crystal Clear Collaboration. The detector head consists of a dual layer of 8×8 LSO and LuYAP crystal arrays coupled to a multi-anode photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu R7600-M64). Equalistion of the LSO/LuYAP light collection is obtained through partial attenuation of the LSO scintillation light using a thin aluminum deposit of 20-35 nm on LSO and appropriate temperature regulation of the phoswich head between 30°C to 60°C. At 511keV, typical FWHM energy resolutions of the pixels of a phoswich head amounts to (28±2)% for LSO and (25±2)% for LuYAP. The LSO versus LuYAP crystal identification efficiency is better than 98%. Six detector modules have been mounted on a rotating gantry. Axial and tangential spatial resolutions were measured up to 4 cm from the scanner axis and compared to Monte Carlo simulations using GATE. FWHM spatial resolution ranges from 1.3 mm on axis to 2.6 mm at 4 cm from the axis.
The ClearPET™ Neuro is the first full ring scanner within the Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC). It consists of 80 detector modules allocated to 20 cassettes. LSO and LuYAP:Ce crystals in phoswich configuration in combination with position sensitive photomultiplier tubes are used to achieve high sensitivity and realize the acquisition of the depth of interaction (DOI) information. The complete system has been tested concerning the mechanical and electronical stability and interplay. Moreover, suitable corrections have been implemented into the reconstruction procedure to ensure high image quality. We present first results which show the successful operation of the ClearPET™ Neuro for artefact free and high resolution small animal imaging. Based on these results during the past few months the ClearPET™ Neuro System has been modified in order to optimize the performance.
The small animal PET scanners developed by the Crystal Clear Collaboration (ClearPETtrade) detect coincidences by analyzing timemarks which are attached to each event. The scanners are able to save complete single list mode data which allows analysis and modification of the timemarks after data acquisition. The timemarks are obtained from the digitally sampled detector pulses by calculating the baseline crossing of the rising edge of the pulse which is approximated as a straight line. But the limited sampling frequency causes a systematic error in the determination of the timemark. This error depends on the phase of the sampling clock at the time of the event. A statistical method that corrects these errors will be presented
The Crystal Clear Collaboration has developed a modular system for a small animal PET scanner (ClearPET). The modularity allows the assembly of scanners of different sizes and characteristics in order to satisfy the specific needs of the individual member institutions. The system performs depth of interaction detection by using a phoswich arrangement combining LSO and LuYAP scintillators which are coupled to Multichannel Photomultipliers (PMTs). For each PMT a free running 40 MHz ADC digitizes the signal and the complete scintillation pulse is sampled by an FPGA and sent with 20 MB/s to a PC for preprocessing. The pulse provides information about the gamma energy and the scintillator material which identifies the interaction layer. Furthermore, the exact pulse starting time is obtained from the sampled data. This is important as no hardware coincidence detection is implemented. All single events are recorded and coincidences are identified by software. The system in Jülich (ClearPET Neuro) is equipped with 10240 crystals on 80 PMTs. The paper will present an overview of the data acquisition system.
This study has been performed to design the combination of the new ClearPET (ClearPET is a trademark of the Crystal Clear Collaboration), a small animal positron emission tomography (PET) system, with a micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanner. The properties of different microCT systems have been determined by simulations based on GEANT4. We will demonstrate the influence of the detector material and the X-ray spectrum on the obtained contrast. Four different detector materials (selenium, cadmium zinc telluride, cesium iodide and gadolinium oxysulfide) and two X-ray spectra (a molybdenum and a tungsten source) have been considered. The spectra have also been modified by aluminum filters of varying thickness. The contrast between different tissue types (water, air, brain, bone and fat) has been simulated by using a suitable phantom. The results indicate the possibility to improve the image contrast in microCT by an optimized combination of the X-ray source and detector material.
The ClearPET™ project: Development of a 2nd generation high-performance small animal PET scanner
(2005)
Second generation high-performance PET scanners, called ClearPET™1, have been developed by working groups of the Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC). High sensitivity and high spatial resolution for the ClearPET camera is achieved by using a phoswich arrangement combining two different types of lutetium-based scintillator materials: LSO from CTI and LuYAP:Ce from the CCC (ISTC project). In a first ClearPET prototype, phoswich arrangements of 8×8 crystals of 2×2×10 mm3 are coupled to multi-channel photomultiplier tubes (Hamamatsu R7600). A unit of four PMTs arranged in-line represents one of 20 sectors of the ring design. The opening diameter of the ring is 120 mm, the axial detector length is 110 mm.The PMT pulses are digitized by free-running ADCs and digital data processing determines the gamma energy, the phoswich layer and even the exact pulse starting time, which is subsequently used for coincidence detection. The gantry allows rotation of the detector modules around the field of view.
Preliminary data shows a correct identification of the crystal layer about (98±1)%. Typically the energy resolution is (23.3±0.5)% for the luyap layer and (15.4±0.4)% for the lso layer. early studies showed the timing resolution of 2 ns FWHM and 4.8 ns FWTM. the intrinsic spatial resolution ranges from 1.37 mm to 1.61 mm full-width of half-maximum (FWHM) with a mean of 1.48 mm FWHM. further improvements in image and energy resolution are expected when the system geometry is fully modeled.
The ClearPET® scanners developed by the Crystal Clear Collaboration use multichannel PMTs as photodetectors with scintillator pixels coupled individually to each channel. In order to localize an event each channel anode is connected to a comparator that triggers when the anode signal exceeds a common predefined threshold. Two major difficulties here are crosstalk of light and the gain nonuniformity of the PMT channels. Crosstalk can generate false triggering in channels adjacent to the actual event. On the one hand this can be suppressed by sufficiently increasing the threshold, but on the other hand a threshold too high can already prevent valid events on the lower gain channels from being detected. Finally, both effects restrict the dynamic range of pulse heights that can be processed. The requirements to the dynamic range are not low as the ClearPET® scanners detect the depth of interaction by phoswich pixels consisting of LSO and Lu0.7Y0.3AP, two scintillators with different light yields. We will present a model to estimate the achievable dynamic range and show solutions to increase it.
The ClearPET project
(2004)
The Crystal Clear Collaboration has designed and is building a high-resolution small animal PET scanner. The design is based on the use of the Hamamatsu R7600-M64 multi-anode photomultiplier tube and a LSO/LuYAP phoswich matrix with one to one coupling between the crystals and the photo-detector. The complete system will have 80 PM tubes in four rings with an inner diameter of 137 mm and an axial field of view of 110 mm. The PM pulses are digitized by free-running ADCs and digital data processing determines the gamma energy, the phoswich layer and even the pulse arrival time. Single gamma interactions are recorded and coincidences are found by software. The gantry allows rotation of the detector modules around the field of view. Simulations, and measurements a 2×4 module test set-up predict a spatial resolution of 1.5 mm in the centre of the field of view and a sensitivity of 5.9% for a point source in the centre of the field of view.
The ClearPET™ project is proposed by working groups of the Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC) to develop a 2nd generation high performance small animal positron emission tomograph (PET). High sensitivity and high spatial resolution is foreseen for the ClearPET™ camera by using a phoswich arrangement combining mixed lutetium yttrium aluminum perovskite (LuYAP:Ce) and lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) scintillating crystals. Design optimizations for the first photomultiplier tube (PMT) based ClearPET camera are done with a Monte-Carlo simulation package implemented on GEANT3 (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland). A dual-head prototype has been built to test the frontend electronics and was used to validate the implementation of the GEANT3 simulation tool. Multiple simulations were performed following the experimental protocols to measure the intrinsic resolution and the sensitivity profile in axial and radial direction. Including a mean energy resolution of about 27.0% the simulated intrinsic resolution is about (1.41±0.11)mm compared to the measured of (1.48±0.06)mm. The simulated sensitivity profiles show a mean square deviation of 12.6% in axial direction and 3.6% in radial direction. Satisfactorily these results are representative for all designs and confirm the scanner geometry.
MultiChannel Photomultipliers (PM), like the R7600-00-M64 or R5900-00-M64 from Hamamatsu, are often chosen as photodetectors in high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET). A major problem of this PM is the nonuniform channel gain. In order to solve this problem, light attenuating masks were created. The aim of the masks is a homogenization of the output of all 64 channels using different hole sizes at the channel positions. The hole area, which is individually defined for the different channels, is inversely proportional to the channel gain. The measurements by inserting light attenuating masks improved a homogenization to a ratio of 1:1.2.
Within the Crystal Clear Collaboration a modular system for a small animal PET scanner (ClearPET™) has been developed. The modularity allows the assembly of scanners of different sizes and characteristics in order to fit the specific needs of the individual member institutions. Now a first demonstrator is being completed in Julich. The system performs depth of interaction detection by using a phoswich arrangement combining LSO and LuYAP scintillators which are coupled to multi-channel photomultipliers (PMTs). A free-running ADC digitizes the signal from the PMT and the complete scintillation pulses are sampled by an FPGA and sent with 20 MB/S to a PC for preprocessing. The pulse provides information about the gamma energy and the scintillator material which identifies the interaction layer. Furthermore, the exact pulse starting time is obtained from the sampled data. This is important as no hardware coincidence detection is implemented. All single events are recorded and coincidences are identified by software. An advantage of that is that the coincidence window and the dimensions of the field of view can be adjusted easily. The ClearPET™ demonstrator is equipped with 10240 crystals on 80 PMTs. This paper presents an overview of the data acquisition system.
A 2nd generation high performance small animal PET scanner, called ClearPET™, has been designed and a first prototype is built by working groups of the Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC). In order to achieve high sensitivity and maintain good uniform spatial resolution over the field of view in high resolution PET systems, it is necessary to extract the depth of interaction (DOI) information and correct for spatial degradation. The design of the first ClearPET™ Demonstrator based on the use of the multi-anode photomultiplier tube (Hamamatsu R7600-M64) and a LSO/LuYAP phoswich matrix. The two crystal layers of 8*8 crystals (2*2*10 mm3) are stacked on each other and mounted without light guide as one to one on the PMT. A unit of four PMTs arranged in-line represents one of 20 sectors of the ring design. The opening diameter of the crystal ring is 137 mm, the axial detector length is 110 mm. The PMT pulses are digitized by free-running ADCs and digital data processing determines the gamma energy, the phoswich layer and even the pulse arrival time. Single gamma interactions are recorded and coincidences are found by software. The gantry allows rotation of the detector modules around the field of view. The measurements have been done using the first LSO/LuYAP detector cassettes.
This study has been performed to design the combination of the new ClearPET TM (ClearPET is a trademark of the Crystal Clear Collaboration), a small animal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) system, with a microComputed Tomography (microCT) scanner. The properties of different microCT systems have been determined by simulations based on GEANT4. We demonstrate the influence of the detector material and the X-ray spectrum on the obtained contrast. Four different detector materials (selenium, cadmium zinc telluride, cesium iodide and gadolinium oxysulfide) and two X-ray spectra (a molybdenum and a tungsten source) have been considered. The spectra have also been modified by aluminum filters of varying thickness. The contrast between different tissue types (water, air, brain, bone and fat) has been simulated by using a suitable phantom. The results indicate the possibility to improve the image contrast in microCT by an optimized combination of the X-ray source and detector material.
Pulse shape discrimination of LSO and LuYAP scintillators for depth of interaction detection in PET
(2003)
A feasible way to gain the depth of interaction information in a positron emission tomography scanner is the use of phoswich detectors. In general, the layer of interaction is identified from the pulse shape of the corresponding scintillator material. In this work, pulses from LSO and LuYAP crystals were investigated in order to find a practical method of distinguishing. It turned out that such a pulse processing could be kept simple because of an additional slow component in the light decay of the LuYAP pulse. At the same time, the short decay time guarantees that the major amount of the light output is still collected within a short pulse recording time.
Pulse shape discrimination of LSO and LuYAP scintillators for depth of interaction detection in PET
(2003)
A feasible way to gain the depth of interaction information in a PET scanner is the use of phoswich detectors. In general the layer of interaction is identified front the pulse shape of the corresponding scintillator material. In this work pulses from LSO and LuYAP crystals were investigated in order to find a practical method of distinguishing. It turned out that such a pulse processing could he kept simple due to an additional slow component in the light decay of the LuYAP pulse. At the same time the short decay time guarantees that the major amount of the light output is still collected within a short pulse recording time.
Within the Crystal Clear Collaboration (CCC), four centers are developing second generation high performance small animal positron emission tomography (PET) scanners for different kinds of animals and medical applications. The first prototypes are photomultiplier tube (PMT)-based systems including depth of interaction (DOI) detection by using a phoswich layer of lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) and lutetium yttrium aluminum perovskite (LuYAP). The aim of these simulation studies is to optimize sensitivity and spatial resolution of given designs, which vary in fields of view (FOVs) caused by different detector configurations (ring/octagon) and sizes. For this purpose the simulation tool GEANT3 (CERN, Geneva, Switzerland) was used.
Within the Crystal Clear Collaboration four centres are developing 2nd generation high performance small animal PET scanners for different kinds of animals and medical applications. The first prototypes are PMT-based systems including depth of interaction (DOI) detection by using a phoswich layer of LSO and LuYAP. The aim of these simulation studies is to optimize sensitivity and spatial resolution of given designs, which vary in FOVs caused by different detector configurations (ring/octagon) and sizes. For this purpose the simulation tool GEANT3 (CERN) was used. The simulations have shown that all PMT designs with one-to-one coupling of crystals have a very nonlinear axial sensitivity profile. By shifting every other PMT 1/4 of a PMT length in axial direction the sampling of the FOVs became more homogeneous. At an energy threshold of 350keV the regression coefficient increases from 0.818 for the non-shifted to 0.993 for the shifted design. Simulations of a point source centred in the FOV (threshold: 350keV) resulted in sensitivities of 4.2% for a 4×20PMT (LSO/LuYAP a 10mm) and 3.8% for a 4×16PMT (LSO/LuYAP a 8mm) ring design. The 3D-MLEM reconstruction of a point source shows the enormous improvement of resolution using a crystal double layer with DOI (3.1mm at 40mm from CFOV) instead of a 20mm single layer (11.9mm).
Within the developments for the Crystal Clear small animal PET project (CLEARPET) a dual head PET system has been established. The basic principle is the early digitization of the detector pulses by free running ADCs. The determination of the γ-energy and also the coincidence detection is performed by data processing of the sampled pulses on the host computer. Therefore a time mark is attached to each pulse identifying the current cycle of the 40 MHz sampling clock. In order to refine the time resolution the pulse starting time is interpolated from the samples of the pulse rise. The detector heads consist of multichannel PMTs with a single LSO scintillator crystal coupled to each channel. For each PMT only one ADC is required. The position of an event is obtained separately from trigger signals generated for each single channel. An FPGA is utilized for pulse buffering, generation of the time mark and for the data transfer to the host via a fast I/O-interface.