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KNX is a protocol for smart building automation, e.g., for automated heating, air conditioning, or lighting. This paper analyses and evaluates state-of-the-art KNX devices from manufacturers Merten, Gira and Siemens with respect to security. On the one hand, it is investigated if publicly known vulnerabilities like insecure storage of passwords in software, unencrypted communication, or denialof-service attacks, can be reproduced in new devices. On the other hand, the security is analyzed in general, leading to the discovery of a previously unknown and high risk vulnerability related to so-called BCU (authentication) keys.
ICSs (Industrial Control Systems) and its subset SCADA systems (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) are getting exposed to a constant stream of new threats. The increasing importance of IT security in ICS requires viable methods to assess the security of ICS, its individual components, and its protocols. This paper presents a security analysis with focus on the communication protocols of a single PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). The PLC, a Beckhoff CX2020, is examined and new vulnerabilities of the system are revealed. Based on these findings recommendations are made to improve security of the Beckhoff system and its protocols.
Scattering Parameter Measurements of Microstrip Devices using the Double-LNN Calibration Technique
(1994)
SAR Simulations & Safety
(2017)
Safety of subjects during radiofrequency exposure in ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging
(2020)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most important medical imaging techniques. Since the introduction of MRI in the mid-1980s, there has been a continuous trend toward higher static magnetic fields to obtain i.a. a higher signal-to-noise ratio. The step toward ultra-high-field (UHF) MRI at 7 Tesla and higher, however, creates several challenges regarding the homogeneity of the spin excitation RF transmit field and the RF exposure of the subject. In UHF MRI systems, the wavelength of the RF field is in the range of the diameter of the human body, which can result in inhomogeneous spin excitation and local SAR hotspots. To optimize the homogeneity in a region of interest, UHF MRI systems use parallel transmit systems with multiple transmit antennas and time-dependent modulation of the RF signal in the individual transmit channels. Furthermore, SAR increases with increasing field strength, while the SAR limits remain unchanged. Two different approaches to generate the RF transmit field in UHF systems using antenna arrays close and remote to the body are investigated in this letter. Achievable imaging performance is evaluated compared to typical clinical RF transmit systems at lower field strength. The evaluation has been performed under consideration of RF exposure based on local SAR and tissue temperature. Furthermore, results for thermal dose as an alternative RF exposure metric are presented.
Robuster Algorithmus zur Streuparameterbestimmung für systemfehlerkorrigierte Netzwerkanalysatoren
(1991)
Robotic process automation (RPA) has attracted increasing attention in research and practice. This chapter positions, structures, and frames the topic as an introduction to this book. RPA is understood as a broad concept that comprises a variety of concrete solutions. From a management perspective RPA offers an innovative approach for realizing automation potentials, whereas from a technical perspective the implementation based on software products and the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are relevant. RPA is industry-independent and can be used, for example, in finance, telecommunications, and the public sector. With respect to RPA this chapter discusses definitions, related approaches, a structuring framework, a research framework, and an inside as well as outside architectural view. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the book combined with short summaries of each chapter.
Roboterfußball - Wissenschaft, die auch Spass macht / Ferrein, Alexander ; Lakemeyer, Gerhard
(2006)
A new trend in automation is to deploy so-called cyber-physical systems (CPS) which combine computation with physical processes. The novel RoboCup Logistics League Sponsored by Festo (LLSF) aims at such CPS logistic scenarios in an automation setting. A team of robots has to produce products from a number of semi-finished products which they have to machine during the game. Different production plans are possible and the robots need to recycle scrap byproducts. This way, the LLSF is a very interesting league offering a number of challenging research questions for planning, coordination, or communication in an application-driven scenario. In this paper, we outline the objectives of the LLSF and present steps for developing the league further towards a benchmark for logistics scenarios for CPS. As a major milestone we present the new automated referee system which helps in governing the game play as well as keeping track of the scored points in a very complex factory scenario.
Unser Zuhause wird zunehmend intelligenter. Smart Homes bieten uns die Steuerung von Haus- oder Unterhaltungstechnik bequem vom Smartphone aus. Junge Familien nutzen die Technologie, um mittels vernetzten Babymonitorsystemen ihren Nachwuchs von überall aus im Blick zu haben. Davon auszugehen, dass solche Systeme mit einem Fokus auf Sicherheit entwickelt wurden, um die sehr persönlichen Daten zu schützen, ist jedoch ein Trugschluss. Die Untersuchung eines handelsüblichen und keineswegs billigen Systems zeigt, dass die Geräte sehr einfach kompromittiert und missbraucht werden können.
In this paper research activities developed within the FutureCom project are presented. The project, funded by the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR), aims at evaluating and characterizing: (i) active devices, (ii) signal- and power integrity of field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuits, (iii) operational performance of electronic circuits in real-world and harsh environments (e.g. below and above ambient temperatures and at different levels of humidity), (iv) passive inter-modulation (PIM) in communication systems considering different values of temperature and humidity corresponding to the typical operating conditions that we can experience in real-world scenarios. An overview of the FutureCom project is provided here, then the research activities are described.
As the field strength and, therefore, the operational frequency in MRI is increased, the wavelength approaches the size of the human head/body, resulting in wave effects, which cause signal decreases and dropouts. Several multichannel approaches have been proposed to try to tackle these problems, including RF shimming, where each element in an array is driven by its own amplifier and modulated with a certain (constant) amplitude and phase relative to the other elements, and Transmit SENSE, where spatially tailored RF pulses are used. In this article, a relatively inexpensive and easy to use imaging scheme for 7 Tesla imaging is proposed to mitigate signal voids due to B1 field inhomogeneity. Two time-interleaved images are acquired using a different excitation mode for each. By forming virtual receive elements, both images are reconstructed together using GRAPPA to achieve a more homogeneous image, with only small SNR and SAR penalty in head and body imaging at 7 Tesla.
Resilience as a concept has found its way into different disciplines to describe the ability of an individual or system to withstand and adapt to changes in its environment. In this paper, we provide an overview of the concept in different communities and extend it to the area of mechanical engineering. Furthermore, we present metrics to measure resilience in technical systems and illustrate them by applying them to load-carrying structures. By giving application examples from the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 805, we show how the concept of resilience can be used to control uncertainty during different stages of product life.
Water suppliers are faced with the great challenge of achieving high-quality and, at the same time, low-cost water supply. Since climatic and demographic influences will pose further challenges in the future, the resilience enhancement of water distribution systems (WDS), i.e. the enhancement of their capability to withstand and recover from disturbances, has been in particular focus recently. To assess the resilience of WDS, graph-theoretical metrics have been proposed. In this study, a promising approach is first physically derived analytically and then applied to assess the resilience of the WDS for a district in a major German City. The topology based resilience index computed for every consumer node takes into consideration the resistance of the best supply path as well as alternative supply paths. This resistance of a supply path is derived to be the dimensionless pressure loss in the pipes making up the path. The conducted analysis of a present WDS provides insight into the process of actively influencing the resilience of WDS locally and globally by adding pipes. The study shows that especially pipes added close to the reservoirs and main branching points in the WDS result in a high resilience enhancement of the overall WDS.
Many of today’s factors make software development more and more complex, such as time pressure, new technologies, IT security risks, et cetera. Thus, a good preparation of current as well as future software developers in terms of a good software engineering education becomes progressively important. As current research shows, Competence Developing Games (CDGs) and Serious Games can offer a potential solution.
This paper identifies the necessary requirements for CDGs to be conducive in principle, but especially in software engineering (SE) education. For this purpose, the current state of research was summarized in the context of a literature review. Afterwards, some of the identified requirements as well as some additional requirements were evaluated by a survey in terms of subjective relevance.
Objective
To investigate the feasibility of 7T MR imaging of the kidneys utilising a custom-built 8-channel transmit/receive radiofrequency body coil.
Methods
In vivo unenhanced MR was performed in 8 healthy volunteers on a 7T whole-body MR system. After B0 shimming the following sequences were obtained: 1) 2D and 3D spoiled gradient-echo sequences (FLASH, VIBE), 2) T1-weighted 2D in and opposed phase 3) True-FISP imaging and 4) a T2-weighted turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence. Visual evaluation of the overall image quality was performed by two radiologists.
Results
Renal MRI at 7T was feasible in all eight subjects. Best image quality was found using T1-weighted gradient echo MRI, providing high anatomical details and excellent conspicuity of the non-enhanced vasculature. With successful shimming, B1 signal voids could be effectively reduced and/or shifted out of the region of interest in most sequence types. However, T2-weighted TSE imaging remained challenging and strongly impaired because of signal heterogeneities in three volunteers.
Conclusion
The results demonstrate the feasibility and diagnostic potential of dedicated 7T renal imaging. Further optimisation of imaging sequences and dedicated RF coil concepts are expected to improve the acquisition quality and ultimately provide high clinical diagnostic value.
Der Telekommunikationsmarkt erfährt substanzielle Veränderungen. Neue Geschäftsmodelle, innovative Dienstleistungen und Technologien erfordern Reengineering, Transformation und Prozessstandardisierung. Mit der Enhanced Telecom Operation Map (eTOM) bietet das TM Forum ein international anerkanntes de facto Referenz-Prozess-Framework basierend auf spezifischen Anforderungen und Ausprägungen der Telekommunikationsindustrie an. Allerdings enthält dieses Referenz-Framework nur eine hierarchische Sammlung von Prozessen auf unterschiedlichen Abstraktionsebenen. Eine Kontrollsicht verstanden als sequenzielle Anordnung von Aktivitäten und daraus resultierend ein realer Prozessablauf fehlt ebenso wie eine Ende-zu-Ende-Sicht auf den Kunden. In diesem Artikel erweitern wir das eTOM-Referenzmodell durch Referenzprozessabläufe, in welchen wir das Wissen über Prozesse in Telekommunikationsunternehmen abstrahieren und generalisieren. Durch die Referenzprozessabläufe werden Unternehmen bei dem strukturierten und transparenten (Re-)Design ihrer Prozesse unterstützt. Wir demonstrieren die Anwendbarkeit und Nützlichkeit unserer Referenzprozessabläufe in zwei Fallstudien und evaluieren diese anhand von Kriterien für die Bewertung von Referenzmodellen. Die Referenzprozessabläufe wurden vom TM Forum in den Standard aufgenommen und als Teil von eTOM Version 9 veröffentlicht. Darüber hinaus diskutieren wir die Komponenten unseres Ansatzes, die auch außerhalb der Telekommunikationsindustrie angewandt werden können.
This book reflects the tremendous changes in the telecommunications industry in the course of the past few decades – shorter innovation cycles, stiffer competition and new communication products. It analyzes the transformation of processes, applications and network technologies that are now expected to take place under enormous time pressure. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the TM Forum have provided reference solutions that are broadly recognized and used throughout the value chain of the telecommunications industry, and which can be considered the de facto standard. The book describes how these reference solutions can be used in a practical context: it presents the latest insights into their development, highlights lessons learned from numerous international projects and combines them with well-founded research results in enterprise architecture management and reference modeling. The complete architectural transformation is explained, from the planning and set-up stage to the implementation. Featuring a wealth of examples and illustrations, the book offers a valuable resource for telecommunication professionals, enterprise architects and project managers alike.
Communication via serial bus systems, like CAN, plays an important role for all kinds of embedded electronic and mechatronic systems. To cope up with the requirements for functional safety of safety-critical applications, there is a need to enhance the safety features of the communication systems. One measure to achieve a more robust communication is to add redundant data transmission path to the applications. In general, the communication of real-time embedded systems like automotive applications is tethered, and the redundant data transmission lines are also tethered, increasing the size of the wiring harness and the weight of the system. A radio link is preferred as a redundant transmission line as it uses a complementary transmission medium compared to the wired solution and in addition reduces wiring harness size and weight. Standard wireless links like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth cannot meet the requirements for real-time capability with regard to bus communication. Using the new dual-mode radio enables a redundant transmission line meeting all requirements with regard to real-time capability, robustness and transparency for the data bus. In addition, it provides a complementary transmission medium with regard to commonly used tethered links. A CAN bus system is used to demonstrate the redundant data transfer via tethered and wireless CAN.
This paper introduces a hardware setup to measure efficiency maps of low-power electric motors and their associated inverters. Here, the power of the device under test (DUT) ranges from some Watts to a few hundred Watts. The torque and speed of the DUT are measured independent of voltage and current in multiple load points. A Matlab-based software approach in combination with an open Texas-Instruments (TI) hardware setup ensures flexibility. Exemplarily, the efficiency field of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) is measured to proof the concept. Brushless-DC (BLDC) motors can be tested as well. The nomenclature in this paper is based on the new European standard DIN EN 50598. Special attention is paid to the calculation of the measurement error.
Reasoning with Qualitative Positional Information for Domestic Domains in the Situation Calculus
(2011)
The initial idea of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is the automation of business processes through a simple emulation of user input and output by software robots. Hence, it can be assumed that no changes of the used software systems and existing Enterprise Architecture (EA) is
required. In this short, practical paper we discuss this assumption based on a real-life implementation project. We show that a successful RPA implementation might require architectural work during analysis, implementation, and migration. As practical paper we focus on exemplary lessons-learned and new questions related to RPA and EA.
This article describes the functionality of a MATLAB® library that can be used to develop motion-logic applications in MATLAB programming language for industrial drive and control systems using the well known sercos automation bus. Therewith MATLAB's functionality is extended to designing automation applications from single axis machines up to multi-kinematic robots.
Quantitative Farbmessung in laryngoskopischen Bildern. Palm, C; Scholl, I; Lehmann, TM; Spitzer, K.
(1998)
Primäre Ziele des Internets der Dinge sind die Steuerung physischer Gegenstände aus der Distanz und das Erfassen von Informationen aus dem Umfeld dieser Gegenstände. Dazu werden Hardwarekomponenten in Gegenstände des täglichen Lebens und die Umwelt integriert. Mithilfe von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien entsteht hieraus das Internet der Dinge (Internet of Things, IoT). Vor einem Jahr wurde mit Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) eine Technologie die es ermöglicht, Hardwarekomponenten energieeffizient und unmittelbar über das Mobilfunknetz zu vernetzen. Gegenstände werden dadurch über große Reichweiten eigenständig kommunikationsfähig. Das IoT steht mit NB-IoT vor einem gestiegenen Nutzenpotenzial, da eine zunehmende Anzahl miteinander verbundener Gegenstände und der Austausch größerer Datenmengen realisierbar sind. Damit sind aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht neue, innovative Anwendungsfälle des IoT möglich, die auch bereits in der Praxis diskutiert werden. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand eines konkreten Anwendungsfalls untersucht, welche neuen Geschäfts- bzw. Partnermodelle durch die gemeinsame Nutzung von NB-IoT-Daten und Big Data-Technologien entstehen und welcher qualitative Mehrwert für die an einem Anwendungsfall beteiligten Stakeholder geschaffen wird. Dazu wird – einem konstruktionsorientierten Forschungsansatz folgend – ein Bewertungsrahmen zur qualitativen Wertschöpfungsanalyse von NB-IoT entwickelt, der u.a. auf der Schablone nach Cockburn und dem Business Model Canvas basiert. Anhand dieses Bewertungsrahmens wird ein Anwendungsfall untersucht, der in anonymisierter Form an konkrete Praxisprojekte angelehnt ist. Konkret wird ein Anwendungsfall betrachtet, der einen Fahrradverleih 2.0 basierend auf dem Einsatz von NB-IoT vorschlägt. Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen gehen beispielsweise Erkenntnisse hervor, wie Geschäftsmodelle auf
Prozessorientierte Messung der Customer Experience am Beispiel der Telekommunikationsindustrie
(2018)
Hohe Wettbewerbsintensität und gestiegene Kundenanforderungen erfordern bei Telekommunikationsunternehmen eine aktive Gestaltung der Customer Experience (CX). Ein wichtiger Aspekt dabei ist die CX-Messung. Traditionelle Zufriedenheitsmessungen sind oft nicht ausreichend, um die Kundenerfahrung in komplexen Prozessen vollständig zu erfassen. Daher wird in diesem Kapitel eine prozessübergreifende Referenzlösung zur CX-Messung am Beispiel der Telekommunikationsindustrie vorgeschlagen. Ausgangspunkt ist ein industriespezifisches Prozessmodell, das sich an dem Referenzmodell eTOM orientiert. Dieses wird um Messpunkte erweitert, die Schwachstellen in Bezug auf die CX identifizieren. Für die erkannten Schwachstellen werden über eine Referenzmatrix mögliche Auslöser abgeleitet und anhand von typischen Geschäftsfallmengen bewertet. Somit ist eine direkte Zuordnung und Erfolgsmessung konkreter Maßnahmen zur Behebung der Schwachstellen möglich. Die so entwickelte Referenzlösung wurde im Projekt K1 bei der Deutschen Telekom erfolgreich umgesetzt. Details zur Umsetzung werden als Fallstudien dargestellt.
Im Rahmen der digitalen Transformation werden innovative Technologiekonzepte, wie z. B. das Internet der Dinge und Cloud Computing als Treiber für weitreichende Veränderungen von Organisationen und Geschäftsmodellen angesehen. In diesem Kontext ist Robotic Process Automation (RPA) ein neuartiger Ansatz zur Prozessautomatisierung, bei dem manuelle Tätigkeiten durch sogenannte Softwareroboter erlernt und automatisiert ausgeführt werden. Dabei emulieren Softwareroboter die Eingaben auf der bestehenden Präsentationsschicht, so dass keine Änderungen an vorhandenen Anwendungssystemen notwendig sind. Die innovative Idee ist die Transformation der bestehenden Prozessausführung von manuell zu digital, was RPA von traditionellen Ansätzen des Business Process Managements (BPM) unterscheidet, bei denen z. B. prozessgetriebene
Anpassungen auf Ebene der Geschäftslogik notwendig sind. Am Markt werden bereits unterschiedliche RPA-Lösungen als Softwareprodukte angeboten. Gerade bei operativen Prozessen mit sich wiederholenden Verarbeitungsschritten in unterschiedlichen Anwendungssystemen sind gute Ergebnisse durch RPA dokumentiert, wie z. B. die Automatisierung von 35 % der Backoffice-Prozesse bei Telefonica. Durch den vergleichsweise niedrigen Implementierungsaufwand verbunden mit einem hohen Automatisierungspotenzial ist in der Praxis (z. B. Banken, Telekommunikation, Energieversorgung) ein hohes Interesse an RPA vorhanden. Der Beitrag diskutiert RPA als innovativen Ansatz zur
Prozessdigitalisierung und gibt konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen für die Praxis. Dazu wird zwischen modellgetriebenen und selbstlernenden Ansätzen unterschieden. Anhand von generellen Architekturen von RPA-Systemen werden Anwendungsszenarien sowie deren Automatisierungspotenziale, aber auch Einschränkungen, diskutiert. Es folgt ein strukturierter Marktüberblick ausgewählter RPA-Produkte. Anhand von drei konkreten Anwendungsbeispielen wird die Nutzung von RPA in der Praxis verdeutlicht.
Mobile Anwendungen nehmen mit der Verbreitung von Smartphones zu. Die Akzeptanz der Nutzer bestimmt den Erfolg solcher mobiler Applikationen dabei maßgeblich. Um diese Anerkennung zu schaffen, ist eine möglichst hohe Gebrauchstauglichkeit, auch Usability genannt, notwendig. Die Informationsbroschüre „Prototyping zur Verbesserung der Benutzerfreundlichkeit mobiler Software“ richtet sich an Personen, die an der Gestaltung und entwicklung von (mobiler) Software beteiligt sind. In dieser Broschüre werden mögliche Potenziale im Bereich einer effizienten und benutzerzentrierten Software-Entwicklung aufgezeigt.
Automated driving is now possible in diverse road and traffic conditions. However, there are still situations that automated vehicles cannot handle safely and efficiently. In this case, a Transition of Control (ToC) is necessary so that the driver takes control of the driving. Executing a ToC requires the driver to get full situation awareness of the driving environment. If the driver fails to get back the control in a limited time, a Minimum Risk Maneuver (MRM) is executed to bring the vehicle into a safe state (e.g., decelerating to full stop). The execution of ToCs requires some time and can cause traffic disruption and safety risks that increase if several vehicles execute ToCs/MRMs at similar times and in the same area. This study proposes to use novel C-ITS traffic management measures where the infrastructure exploits V2X communications to assist Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) in the execution of ToCs. The infrastructure can suggest a spatial distribution of ToCs, and inform vehicles of the locations where they could execute a safe stop in case of MRM. This paper reports the first field operational tests that validate the feasibility and quantify the benefits of the proposed infrastructure-assisted ToC and MRM management. The paper also presents the CAV and roadside infrastructure prototypes implemented and used in the trials. The conducted field trials demonstrate that infrastructure-assisted traffic management solutions can reduce safety risks and traffic disruptions.
Reducing poverty, protecting the planet, and improving life on earth for everyone are the essential goals of the "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development"committed by the United Nations (UN). Achieving those goals will require technological innovation as well as their implementation in almost all areas of our business and day-to-day life. This paper proposes a high-level framework that collects and structures different uses cases addressing the goals defined by the UN. Hence, it contributes to the discussion by proposing technical innovations that can be used to achieve those goals. As an example, the goal "Climate Actionïs discussed in detail by describing use cases related to tackling biodiversity loss in order to conservate ecosystems.
Die potenziellen Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf die Lehre sind seit langem Gegenstand ausführlicher Diskussionen innerhalb der Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI) (z. B. in Auth et al. 2021, Barton et al. 2019, Klotz et al. 2019). Nicht zuletzt der in nahezu allen Wirtschaftszweigen bestehende Mangel an qualifizierten Fachkräften lenkt den Diskurs auf einen verbesserten Zugang zu Bildung und gleichen Bildungschancen. Aus dieser Vision heraus und dem Schub der Digitalisierung entstehen Bildungskonzepte wie Open Educational Resources (OER), die gesellschaftlichen Problemen, wie dem des Fachkräftemangels, entgegenwirken sollen. Im Rahmen dieses Kurzbeitrags wird das Projekt WiLMo - "Wirtschaftsinformatik Lehr- und Lernmodule" vorgestellt. WiLMo wird im Rahmen von OERContent.nrw unter Beteiligung von sechs Hochschulen entwickelt und gefördert. Alle Projektbeteiligten arbeiten gemeinsam daran, einheitliche digitale Lehr- und Lernmaterialien im OER-Format für die Kernmodule der Wirtschaftsinformatik zu entwickeln und in garantiert hoher Qualität zur Verfügung zu stellen.
In der Vergangenheit basierten große Systemintegrationsprojekte in der Regel auf Individualentwicklungen für einzelne Kunden. Getrieben durch Kostendruck steigt aber der Bedarf nach standardisierten Lösungen, die gleichzeitig die individuellen Anforderungen des jeweiligen Umfelds berücksichtigen. T-Systems GEI GmbH wird beiden Anforderungen mit Produktkerneln gerecht. Neben den technischen Aspekten der Kernelentwicklung spielen besonders organisatorische Aspekte eine Rolle, um Kernel effizient und qualitativ hochwertig zu entwickeln, ohne deren Funktionalitäten ins Uferlose wachsen zu lassen. Umgesetzt hat T-Systems dieses Konzept für Flughafeninformationssysteme. Damit kann dem wachsenden Bedarf der Flughafenbetreiber nach einer effizienten und kostengünstigen Softwarelösung zur Unterstützung Ihrer Geschäftsprozesse entsprochen werden.
Production and distribution of personalized information services employing mass customization
(2003)
Highly competitive markets paired with tremendous production volumes demand particularly cost efficient products. The usage of common parts and modules across product families can potentially reduce production costs. Yet, increasing commonality typically results in overdesign of individual products. Multi domain virtual prototyping enables designers to evaluate costs and technical feasibility of different single product designs at reasonable computational effort in early design phases. However, savings by platform commonality are hard to quantify and require detailed knowledge of e.g. the production process and the supply chain. Therefore, we present and evaluate a multi-objective metamodel-based optimization algorithm which enables designers to explore the trade-off between high commonality and cost optimal design of single products.