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Evaluation of lignocellulosic material for butanol production using enzymatic hydrolysate medium
(2016)
Butanol is a promising gasoline additive and platform chemical that can be readily produced via acetone-butanolethanol (ABE) fermentation from pretreated lignocellulosic materials. This article examines lignocellulosic material from beech wood for ABE fermentation, using Clostridium acetobutylicum. First, the utilization of both C₅₋ (xylose) and C₆₋ (glucose) sugars as sole carbon source was investigated in static cultivation, using serum bottles and synthetic medium. The utilization of pentose sugar resulted in a solvent yield of 0.231 g·g_sugar⁻¹, compared to 0.262 g·g_sugar⁻¹ using hexose. Then, the Organosolv pretreated crude cellulose fibers (CF) were enzymatically decomposed, and the resulting hydrolysate medium was analyzed for inhibiting compounds (furans, organic acids, phenolics) and treated with ionexchangers for detoxification. Batch fermentation in a bioreactor using CF hydrolysate medium resulted in a total solvent yield of 0.20 gABE·g_sugar⁻¹.
20 Years of RoboCup
(2016)
Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material plays an important role in the classical biorefinery approach. Apart from the pretreatment of the raw material, hydrolysis is the basis for the conversion of the cellulose and hemicellulose fraction into fermentable sugars. After hydrolysis, usually a solid-liquid separation takes place, in order to separate the residual plant material from the sugar-rich fraction, which can be subsequently used in a fermentation step. In order to factor out the separation step, the usage of in alginate immobilized crude cellulose fiber beads (CFBs) were evaluated. Pretreated cellulose fibers are incorporated in an alginate matrix together with the relevant enzymes. In doing so, sugars diffuse trough the alginate matrix, allowing a simplified delivery into the surrounding fluid. This again reduces product inhibition of the glucose on the enzyme catalysts. By means of standardized bead production the hydrolysis in lab scale was possible. First results show that liberation of glucose and xylose is possible, allowing a maximum total sugar yield of 75 %.
Die stoffliche Nutzung von Lignin aus Bioraffinerien ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil für den Wertschöpfungsprozess von nachwachsenden, pflanzlichen Rohstoffen. Lignin zählt zu den wenigen erneuerbaren Quellen für phenolische Bestandteile, wird aber derzeit meist nur thermisch verwertet. Ziel dieses Forschungsvorhabens ist die Funktionalisierung von Lignin zur Verbesserung der Adhäsionseigenschaften. Als funktionelle Gruppe wird die aromatische Aminosäure L-DOPA verwendet, die charakteristisch für die Adhäsionskraft von Muscheln ist. Lignin ist ein geeignetes Stützgerüst, da es ein Polymer ist, das durch enzymkatalysierte Polymerisation gebildet wird. Essenziell für die Entwicklung ist ein besseres Verständnis über die Bildung von Lignin-Polymeren und deren verschiedene Eigenschaften. Um die Einflussfaktoren auf Kettenlänge und Polymerisationseffizienz zu untersuchen, werden zurzeit sowohl Ligninmodellkomponenten (LMK) als auch gelöstes Organosolv-Lignin verwendet. Laufende Untersuchungen werden zeigen, ob sich die enzymatische Polymerisationsreaktion auf ein gelöstes Ligninpolymer aus einem Organosolv-Aufschluss übertragen lässt.
Retinal Vessel Analysis (RVA) in the context of subarachnoid hemorrhage: A proof of concept study
(2016)
Background
Timely detection of impending delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is essential to improve outcome, but poses a diagnostic challenge. Retinal vessels as an embryological part of the intracranial vasculature are easily accessible for analysis and may hold the key to a new and non-invasive monitoring technique. This investigation aims to determine the feasibility of standardized retinal vessel analysis (RVA) in the context of SAH.
Methods
In a prospective pilot study, we performed RVA in six patients awake and cooperative with SAH in the acute phase (day 2–14) and eight patients at the time of follow-up (mean 4.6±1.7months after SAH), and included 33 age-matched healthy controls. Data was acquired using a manoeuvrable Dynamic Vessel Analyzer (Imedos Systems UG, Jena) for examination of retinal vessel dimension and neurovascular coupling.
Results
Image quality was satisfactory in the majority of cases (93.3%). In the acute phase after SAH, retinal arteries were significantly dilated when compared to the control group (124.2±4.3MU vs 110.9±11.4MU, p<0.01), a difference that persisted to a lesser extent in the later stage of the disease (122.7±17.2MU, p<0.05). Testing for neurovascular coupling showed a trend towards impaired primary vasodilation and secondary vasoconstriction (p = 0.08, p = 0.09 resp.) initially and partial recovery at the time of follow-up, indicating a relative improvement in a time-dependent fashion.
Conclusion
RVA is technically feasible in patients with SAH and can detect fluctuations in vessel diameter and autoregulation even in less severely affected patients. Preliminary data suggests potential for RVA as a new and non-invasive tool for advanced SAH monitoring, but clinical relevance and prognostic value will have to be determined in a larger cohort.
Mit der Entwicklung wässriger Tropfen, die mit einer schützenden Hülle magnetisierbarer, hydrophober Partikel umgeben sind, ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten im Bereich der Mikrofluidik. So können die Tropfen als flüssige Mikroreaktoren eingesetzt werden. Der wässrige Kern dieser Mikroreaktoren besteht aus einer Substratlösung für enzymatische Umsetzungen. Durch Bewegen der Mikroreaktoren können diese über immobilisierten Enzymen positioniert werden, um so einen enzymatischen Umsatz innerhalb der Mikroreaktoren zu realisieren. Hierfür wurde eine neue Mikroreaktorplattform-Technologie etabliert. Die Mikroreaktoren können aufgrund ihrer magnetisierbaren Hüllenpartikel über elektromagnetische Spulen bewegt werden. Die Bewegung erfolgt dabei mit einer automatisierten Aktuatorplattform, bestehend aus einer 3x3 Doppelspulenmatrix mit Magnetkernen. Als modellhaftes Reaktionssystem wird eine Enzymkaskade eingesetzt, die sich aus einer b-Glucosidase, Glucose-Oxidase und Meerrettichperoxidase zusammensetzt. Primär untersuchte Substrate sind Fluorescein-di-b-D-glucopyranoside, und 1-(3,7-Dihydroxy-10H-phenoxazin-10-yl)-ethanon, bei deren Umsatz fluoreszierende Produkte entstehen.
In this study, we show that synthetic sapphire (Al₂O₃), an established implant material, can also serve as a platform material for biosensors comparable to nanocrystalline diamond. Sapphire chips, beads, and powder were first modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), followed by succinic anhydride (SA), and finally single-stranded probe DNA was EDC coupled to the functionalized layer. The presence of the APTES-SA layer on sapphire powders was confirmed by thermogravimetric analyis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Using planar sapphire chips as substrates and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as surface-sensitive tool, the sequence of individual layers was analyzed with respect to their chemical state, enabling the quantification of areal densities of the involved molecular units. Fluorescence microscopy was used to demonstrate the hybridization of fluorescently tagged target DNA to the probe DNA, including denaturation- and re-hybridization experiments. Due to its high thermal conductivity, synthetic sapphire is especially suitable as a chip material for the heat-transfer method, which was employed to distinguish complementary- and non-complementary DNA duplexes containing single-nucleotide polymorphisms. These results indicate that it is possible to detect mutations electronically with a chemically resilient and electrically insulating chip material.