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The light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) is an electrochemical sensor with a field-effect structure to detect the variation of the Nernst potential at its sensor surface, the measured area on which is defined by illumination. Thanks to this light-addressability, the LAPS can be applied to chemical imaging sensor systems, which can visualize the two-dimensional distribution of a particular target ion on the sensor surface. Chemical imaging sensor systems are expected to be useful for analysis of reaction and diffusion in various electrochemical and biological samples. Recent developments of LAPS-based chemical imaging sensor systems, in terms of the spatial resolution, measurement speed, image quality, miniaturization and integration with microfluidic devices, are summarized and discussed.
A sensor system for investigating (bio)degradationprocesses of polymers is presented. The system utilizes semiconductor field-effect sensors and is capable of monitoring the degradation process in-situ and in real-time. The degradation of the polymer poly(d,l-lactic acid) is exemplarily monitored in solutions with different pH value, pH-buffer solution containing the model enzyme lipase from Rhizomucormiehei and cell-culture medium containing supernatants from stimulated and non-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages mimicking activation of the immune system.
Simulating the electromagnetic‐thermal treatment of thin aluminium layers for adhesion improvement
(2015)
A composite layer material used in packaging industry is made from joining layers of different materials using an adhesive. An important processing step in the production of aluminium-containing composites is the surface treatment and consequent coating of adhesive material on the aluminium surface. To increase adhesion strength between aluminium layer and the adhesive material, the foil is heat treated. For efficient heating, induction heating was considered as state-of-the-art treatment process. Due to the complexity of the heating process and the unpredictable nature of the heating source, the control of the process is not yet optimised. In this work, a finite element analysis of the process was established and various process parameters were studied. The process was simplified and modelled in 3D. The numerical model contains an air domain, an aluminium layer and a copper coil fitted with a magnetic field concentrating material. The effect of changing the speed of the aluminium foil (or rolling speed) was studied with the change of the coil current. Statistical analysis was used for generating a general control equation of coil current with changing rolling speed.
Simulation model for the transient process behaviour of solar aluminium recycling in a rotary kiln
(2015)
We present an electromechanically coupled Finite Element model for cardiac tissue. It bases on the mechanical model for cardiac tissue of Hunter et al. that we couple to the McAllister-Noble-Tsien electrophysiological model of purkinje fibre cells. The corresponding system of ordinary differential equations is implemented on the level of the constitutive equations in a geometrically and physically nonlinear version of the so-called edge-based smoothed FEM for plates. Mechanical material parameters are determined from our own pressure-deflection experimental setup. The main purpose of the model is to further examine the experimental results not only on mechanical but also on electrophysiological level down to ion channel gates. Moreover, we present first drug treatment simulations and validate the model with respect to the experiments.
Small Spacecraft in Planetary Defence Related Applications–Capabilities, Constraints, Challenges
(2015)
In this paper we present an overview of the characteristics and peculiarities of small spacecraft missions related to planetary defence applications. We provide a brief overview of small spacecraft missions to small solar system bodies. On this background we present recent missions and selected projects and related studies at the German Aerospace Center, DLR, that contribute to planetary defence related activities. These range from Earth orbit technology demonstrators to active science missions in interplanetary space. We provide a summary of experience from recently flown missions with DLR participation as well as a number of studies. These include PHILAE, the lander recently arrived on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko aboard ESA’s ROSETTA comet rendezvous mission, and the Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout, MASCOT, now underway to near-Earth asteroid (162173) 1999 JU3 aboard the Japanese sample-return probe HAYABUSA-2. We introduce the differences between the conventional methods employed in the design, integration and testing of large spacecraft and the new approaches developed by small spacecraft projects. We expect that the practical experience that can be gained from projects on extremely
compressed timelines or with high-intensity operation phases on a newly explored small solar system body can contribute significantly to the study, preparation and realization of future planetary defence related missions. One is AIDA (Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment), a joint effort of ESA,JHU/APL, NASA, OCA and DLR, combining JHU/APL’s DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) and ESA’s AIM (Asteroid Impact Monitor) spacecraft in a mission towards
near-Eath binary asteroid (65803) Didymos.
Block ramps are ecologically oriented drop structures with adequate energy dissipation and partially moderate flow velocities. A special case is given with crossbar block ramps, where the upstream and downstream level difference is reduced by a series of basins. To prevent the total structure from failing, the stability of single boulders within the crossbars and the bed material in between must be guaranteed. The present paper addresses the stability of bed material and scour development for various flow regimes. Any bed material erosion may affect the stability of the crossbar boulders, which in turn can result in major damages of the ramp. Therefore new design approaches are developed to choose an appropriate bed material size and to avoid failures of crossbar block ramp structures.