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To fulfil the CO2 emission reduction targets of the European Union (EU), heavy-duty (HD) trucks need to operate 15% more efficiently by 2025 and 30% by 2030. Their electrification is necessary as conventional HD trucks are already optimized for the long-haul application. The resulting hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) truck gains most of the fuel saving potential by the recuperation of potential energy and its consecutive utilization. The key to utilizing the full potential of HEV-HD trucks is to maximize the amount of recuperated energy and ensure its intelligent usage while keeping the operating point of the internal combustion engine as efficient as possible. To achieve this goal, an intelligent energy management strategy (EMS) based on ECMS is developed for a parallel HEV-HD truck which uses predictive discharge of the battery and adaptive operating strategy regarding the height profile and the vehicle mass. The presented EMS can reproduce the global optimal operating strategy over long phases and lead to a fuel saving potential of up to 2% compared with a heuristic strategy. Furthermore, the fuel saving potential is correlated with the investigated boundary conditions to deepen the understanding of the impact of intelligent EMS for HEV-HD trucks.
Adsorptive Vorbehandlung von Rohglycerin für die 1,3-Propandiol Fermentation mit Clostridium diolis
(2014)
Bei der Gewinnung von Fettsäuren aus Pflanzenölen, z. B. zur Herstellung von Biopolymeren, oder bei der Biodiesel- und Seifenproduktion, fällt Glycerin als Nebenprodukt an. Bei der Biokonversion dieses Rohstoffes zu 1,3-Propandiol wird der Produktionsorganismus Clostridium diolis durch Verunreinigungen im Rohglycerin gehemmt. Als inhibierende Substanzen konnten freie Fettsäuren identifiziert werden. Mithilfe eines adsorptiven Aufarbeitungsverfahrens ist es gelungen, die Fettsäuren zu entfernen und die Konversionseffizienz zu 1,3-Propandiol zu erhöhen.
In der Molkeverarbeitung dominieren Membranfiltrationsverfahren die Prozessführung. Hierbei werden üblicherweise Aufkonzentrierungen der Proteine und deren Trennung von dem Milchzucker Lactose durchgeführt. Der Prozess der adsorptiven Aufreinigung soll als kostengünstige Alternative zu den bisher gebräuchlichen Verfahren dienen. Weiterhin eröffnet sich durch das Verfahren die Möglichkeit, einzelne Proteinfraktionen während der Verarbeitung anzureichern. Als Proteinquellen wurden für die Untersuchungen Modellproteine, Lösungen aus Molkenproteinisolat, Dünnmolke und Molkekonzentrat verwendet. Die Eignung zur Proteinbindung wurden an Tonmaterialien, Silicaten und y-Aluminiumoxiden in Pulverform, in Form von Granulaten sowie Extrudaten als auch sphärischen Partikeln überprüft. Adsorbentien aus Bentonit/Silica und c-Aluminiumoxid können sowohl a-Lactalbumin (aLA) als auch b-Lactoglobulin (bLG) binden, wohingegen Materialien aus Siliciumoxid lediglich ein starkes Adsorptionsverhalten gegenüber bLG zeigen. Mischmaterialien aus Siliciumoxid und a-Aluminiumoxid zeigen dasselbe Verhalten wie Materialien aus Siliciumoxid, weisen jedoch eine geringere Kapazität auf. Die Materialen wurden hinsichtlich ihres Einsatzes in chromatographischen Verfahren und Batch-Prozessen untersucht und ein Prozessentwurf für einen zweistufigen Batch-Prozess im Rührkessel erarbeitet.
Due to their anion exchange characteristics, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are suitable for the detoxification of aqueous, fatty acid containing fermentation substrates. The aim of this study is to examine the adsorption mechanism, using crude glycerol from plant oil esterification as a model system. Changes in the intercalation structure in relation to the amount of fatty acids adsorbed are monitored by X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy. Additionally, calcination of LDH is investigated in order to increase the binding capacity for fatty acids. Our data propose that, at ambient temperature, fatty acids can be bound to the hydrotalcite by adsorption or in addition by intercalation, depending on fatty acid concentration. The adsorption of fatty acids from crude glycerol shows a BET-like behavior. Above a fatty acid concentration of 3.5 g L−1, intercalation of fatty acids can be shown by the appearance of an increased interlayer spacing. This observation suggests a two phase adsorption process. Calcination of LDHs allows increasing the binding capacity for fatty acids by more than six times, mainly by reduction of structural CO32−.
The scope of this study is the measurement of endotoxin adsorption rate for carbonized rice husk. It showed good adsorption properties for LPS. During the batch experiments, several techniques were used and optimized for improving the material’s adsorption behavior. Also, with the results obtained it was possible to differentiate the materials according to their adsorption capacity and kinetic characteristics.
Integrated voice assistants (IVA) receive more and more attention and are widespread for entertainment use cases, such as radio hearing or web searches. At the same time, the health care segment suffers in process inefficiency and missing staff, whereas the usage of IVA has the potential to improve caring processes and patient satisfaction. By applying a design science approach and based on a qualitative study, we identify IVA requirements, barriers and design guidelines for the health care sector. The results reveal three important IVA functions: the ability to set appointments with care service staff, the documentation of health history and the communication with service staff. Integration, system stability and volume control are the most important nonfunctional requirements. Based on the interview results and project experiences, six design and implementation guidelines are derived.
Neuromuscular strength training of the leg extensor muscles plays an important role in the rehabilitation and prevention of age and wealth related diseases. In this paper, we focus on the design and implementation of a Cartesian admittance control scheme for isotonic training, i.e. leg extension and flexion against a predefined weight. For preliminary testing and validation of the designed algorithm an experimental research and development platform consisting of an
industrial robot and a force plate mounted at its end-effector has been used. Linear, diagonal and arbitrary two-dimensional motion trajectories with different weights for the leg extension and flexion part are applied. The proposed algorithm is easily adaptable to trajectories consisting of arbitrary six-dimensional poses and allows the implementation of individualized trajectories.
The cooling process in induction based crucible melting furnaces for Industrial applications is one of the important and challenging factors in production and safety engineering. Accordingly, proper implementation of the cooling system of the furnace using optimum cooling guides and fail-safe features are critical in order to improve the safety of the process. Regarding this, manufacturing of porous material with high electrical isolation for the drainage segments of the cooling channels is examined in this study. Consequently, various geometries with different porosities using glass and ceramic powder are fabricated using Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) process. The manufactured parts are examined in a prototype furnace testing and the feasibility of the SLS manufacturing of parts for this application is discussed.
The esophageal Doppler monitor (EDM) is a minimally-invasive hemodynamic device which evaluates both cardiac output (CO), and fluid status, by estimating stroke volume (SV) and calculating heart rate (HR). The measurement of these parameters is based upon a continuous and accurate approximation of distal thoracic aortic blood flow. Furthermore, the peak velocity (PV) and mean acceleration (MA), of aortic blood flow at this anatomic location, are also determined by the EDM. The purpose of this preliminary report is to examine additional clinical hemodynamic calculations of: compliance (C), kinetic energy (KE), force (F), and afterload (TSVRi). These data were derived using both velocity-based measurements, provided by the EDM, as well as other contemporaneous physiologic parameters. Data were obtained from anesthetized patients undergoing surgery or who were in a critical care unit. A graphical inspection of these measurements is presented and discussed with respect to each patient’s clinical situation. When normalized to each of their initial values, F and KE both consistently demonstrated more discriminative power than either PV or MA. The EDM offers additional applications for hemodynamic monitoring. Further research regarding the accuracy, utility, and limitations of these parameters is therefore indicated.
Industrie 4.0 stellt viele Herausforderungen an produzierende Unternehmen und ihre Beschäf-tigten. Innovative und effektive Trainingsstrategien sind erforderlich, um mit den sich schnell verändernden Produktionsumgebungen und neuen Fertigungstechnologien Schritt halten zu können. Virtual Reality (VR) bietet neue Möglichkeiten für On-the-Job, On-Demand- und Off-Premise-Schulungen. Diese Arbeit stellt ein neues VR Schulungssystem vor, welches sich flexible an unterschiedliche Trainingsobjekte auf Grundlage von Rezepten und CAD Modellen anpassen lässt. Das Konzept basiert auf gerichteten azyklischen Graphen und einem Level-system. Es ermöglicht eine benutzerindividuelle Lerngeschwindigkeit mittels visueller Ele-mente. Das Konzept wurde für einen mechanischen Anwendungsfall mit Industriekomponen-ten implementiert und in der Industrie 4.0-Modellfabrik der FH Aachen umgesetzt.
Adaptive logistics : information management for planning and control of small series assembly
(2007)
To prevent the reduction of muscle mass and loss of strength coming along with the human aging process, regular training with e.g. a leg press is suitable. However, the risk of training-induced injuries requires the continuous monitoring and controlling of the forces applied to the musculoskeletal system as well as the velocity along the motion trajectory and the range of motion. In this paper, an adaptive norm-optimal iterative learning control algorithm to minimize the knee joint loadings during the leg extension training with an industrial robot is proposed. The response of the algorithm is tested in simulation for patients with varus, normal and valgus alignment of the knee and compared to the results of a higher-order iterative learning control algorithm, a robust iterative learning control and a recently proposed conventional norm-optimal iterative learning control algorithm. Although significant improvements in performance are made compared to the conventional norm-optimal iterative learning control algorithm with a small learning factor, for the developed approach as well as the robust iterative learning control algorithm small steady state errors occur.
Adapting augmented reality systems to the users’ needs using gamification and error solving methods
(2021)
Animations of virtual items in AR support systems are typically predefined and lack interactions with dynamic physical environments. AR applications rarely consider users’ preferences and do not provide customized spontaneous support under unknown situations. This research focuses on developing adaptive, error-tolerant AR systems based on directed acyclic graphs and error resolving strategies. Using this approach, users will have more freedom of choice during AR supported work, which leads to more efficient workflows. Error correction methods based on CAD models and predefined process data create individual support possibilities. The framework is implemented in the Industry 4.0 model factory at FH Aachen.
Many tasks for autonomous agents or robots are best described by a specification of the environment and a specification of the available actions the agent or robot can perform. Combining such a specification with the possibility to imperatively program a robot or agent is what we call the actionbased imperative programming. One of the most successful such approaches is Golog. In this paper, we draft a proposal for a new robot programming language YAGI, which is based on the action-based imperative programming paradigm. Our goal is to design a small, portable stand-alone YAGI interpreter. We combine the benefits of a principled domain specification with a clean, small and simple programming language, which does not exploit any side-effects from the implementation language. We discuss general requirements of action-based programming languages and outline YAGI, our action-based language approach which particularly aims at embeddability.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of moving organs requires synchronization with physiological motion or flow, which dictate the viable window for data acquisition. To meet this challenge, this study proposes an acoustic gating device (ACG) that employs acquisition and processing of acoustic signals for synchronization while providing MRI compatibility, immunity to interferences with electro-magnetic and acoustic fields and suitability for MRI at high magnetic field strengths. The applicability and robustness of the acoustic gating approach is examined in a pilot study, where it substitutes conventional ECG-gating for cardiovascular MR. The merits and limitations of the ACG approach are discussed. Implications for MR imaging in the presence of physiological motion are considered including synchronization with other structure- or motion borne sounds.
Background
To demonstrate the applicability of acoustic cardiac triggering (ACT) for imaging of the heart at ultrahigh magnetic fields (7.0 T) by comparing phonocardiogram, conventional vector electrocardiogram (ECG) and traditional pulse oximetry (POX) triggered 2D CINE acquisitions together with (i) a qualitative image quality analysis, (ii) an assessment of the left ventricular function parameter and (iii) an examination of trigger reliability and trigger detection variance derived from the signal waveforms.
Results
ECG was susceptible to severe distortions at 7.0 T. POX and ACT provided waveforms free of interferences from electromagnetic fields or from magneto-hydrodynamic effects. Frequent R-wave mis-registration occurred in ECG-triggered acquisitions with a failure rate of up to 30% resulting in cardiac motion induced artifacts. ACT and POX triggering produced images free of cardiac motion artefacts. ECG showed a severe jitter in the R-wave detection. POX also showed a trigger jitter of approximately Δt = 72 ms which is equivalent to two cardiac phases. ACT showed a jitter of approximately Δt = 5 ms only. ECG waveforms revealed a standard deviation for the cardiac trigger offset larger than that observed for ACT or POX waveforms.
Image quality assessment showed that ACT substantially improved image quality as compared to ECG (image quality score at end-diastole: ECG = 1.7 ± 0.5, ACT = 2.4 ± 0.5, p = 0.04) while the comparison between ECG vs. POX gated acquisitions showed no significant differences in image quality (image quality score: ECG = 1.7 ± 0.5, POX = 2.0 ± 0.5, p = 0.34).
Conclusions
The applicability of acoustic triggering for cardiac CINE imaging at 7.0 T was demonstrated. ACT's trigger reliability and fidelity are superior to that of ECG and POX. ACT promises to be beneficial for cardiovascular magnetic resonance at ultra-high field strengths including 7.0 T.