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One central challenge for self-driving cars is a proper path-planning. Once a trajectory has been found, the next challenge is to accurately and safely follow the precalculated path. The model-predictive controller (MPC) is a common approach for the lateral control of autonomous vehicles. The MPC uses a vehicle dynamics model to predict the future states of the vehicle for a given prediction horizon. However, in order to achieve real-time path control, the computational load is usually large, which leads to short prediction horizons. To deal with the computational load, the control algorithm can be parallelized on the graphics processing unit (GPU). In contrast to the widely used stochastic methods, in this paper we propose a deterministic approach based on grid search. Our approach focuses on systematically discovering the search area with different levels of granularity. To achieve this, we split the optimization algorithm into multiple iterations. The best sequence of each iteration is then used as an initial solution to the next iteration. The granularity increases, resulting in smooth and predictable steering angle sequences. We present a novel GPU-based algorithm and show its accuracy and realtime abilities with a number of real-world experiments.
Conventional EEG devices cannot be used in everyday life and hence, past decade research has been focused on Ear-EEG for mobile, at-home monitoring for various applications ranging from emotion detection to sleep monitoring. As the area available for electrode contact in the ear is limited, the electrode size and location play a vital role for an Ear-EEG system. In this investigation, we present a quantitative study of ear-electrodes with two electrode sizes at different locations in a wet and dry configuration. Electrode impedance scales inversely with size and ranges from 450 kΩ to 1.29 MΩ for dry and from 22 kΩ to 42 kΩ for wet contact at 10 Hz. For any size, the location in the ear canal with the lowest impedance is ELE (Left Ear Superior), presumably due to increased contact pressure caused by the outer-ear anatomy. The results can be used to optimize signal pickup and SNR for specific applications. We demonstrate this by recording sleep spindles during sleep onset with high quality (5.27 μVrms).
Multi-attribute relation extraction (MARE): simplifying the application of relation extraction
(2021)
Natural language understanding’s relation extraction makes innovative and encouraging novel business concepts possible and facilitates new digitilized decision-making processes. Current approaches allow the extraction of relations with a fixed number of entities as attributes. Extracting relations with an arbitrary amount of attributes requires complex systems and costly relation-trigger annotations to assist these systems. We introduce multi-attribute relation extraction (MARE) as an assumption-less problem formulation with two approaches, facilitating an explicit mapping from business use cases to the data annotations. Avoiding elaborated annotation constraints simplifies the application of relation extraction approaches. The evaluation compares our models to current state-of-the-art event extraction and binary relation extraction methods. Our approaches show improvement compared to these on the extraction of general multi-attribute relations.
Communication via serial bus systems, like CAN, plays an important role for all kinds of embedded electronic and mechatronic systems. To cope up with the requirements for functional safety of safety-critical applications, there is a need to enhance the safety features of the communication systems. One measure to achieve a more robust communication is to add redundant data transmission path to the applications. In general, the communication of real-time embedded systems like automotive applications is tethered, and the redundant data transmission lines are also tethered, increasing the size of the wiring harness and the weight of the system. A radio link is preferred as a redundant transmission line as it uses a complementary transmission medium compared to the wired solution and in addition reduces wiring harness size and weight. Standard wireless links like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth cannot meet the requirements for real-time capability with regard to bus communication. Using the new dual-mode radio enables a redundant transmission line meeting all requirements with regard to real-time capability, robustness and transparency for the data bus. In addition, it provides a complementary transmission medium with regard to commonly used tethered links. A CAN bus system is used to demonstrate the redundant data transfer via tethered and wireless CAN.
The integration of frequently changing, volatile product data from different manufacturers into a single catalog is a significant challenge for small and medium-sized e-commerce companies. They rely on timely integrating product data to present them aggregated in an online shop without knowing format specifications, concept understanding of manufacturers, and data quality. Furthermore, format, concepts, and data quality may change at any time. Consequently, integrating product catalogs into a single standardized catalog is often a laborious manual task. Current strategies to streamline or automate catalog integration use techniques based on machine learning, word vectorization, or semantic similarity. However, most approaches struggle with low-quality or real-world data. We propose Attribute Label Ranking (ALR) as a recommendation engine to simplify the integration process of previously unknown, proprietary tabular format into a standardized catalog for practitioners. We evaluate ALR by focusing on the impact of different neural network architectures, language features, and semantic similarity. Additionally, we consider metrics for industrial application and present the impact of ALR in production and its limitations.
The progress in natural language processing (NLP) research over the last years, offers novel business opportunities for companies, as automated user interaction or improved data analysis. Building sophisticated NLP applications requires dealing with modern machine learning (ML) technologies, which impedes enterprises from establishing successful NLP projects. Our experience in applied NLP research projects shows that the continuous integration of research prototypes in production-like environments with quality assurance builds trust in the software and shows convenience and usefulness regarding the business goal. We introduce STAMP 4 NLP as an iterative and incremental process model for developing NLP applications. With STAMP 4 NLP, we merge software engineering principles with best practices from data science. Instantiating our process model allows efficiently creating prototypes by utilizing templates, conventions, and implementations, enabling developers and data scientists to focus on the business goals. Due to our iterative-incremental approach, businesses can deploy an enhanced version of the prototype to their software environment after every iteration, maximizing potential business value and trust early and avoiding the cost of successful yet never deployed experiments.
In positron emission tomography improving time, energy and spatial detector resolutions and using Compton kinematics introduces the possibility to reconstruct a radioactivity distribution image from scatter coincidences, thereby enhancing image quality. The number of single scattered coincidences alone is in the same order of magnitude as true coincidences. In this work, a compact Compton camera module based on monolithic scintillation material is investigated as a detector ring module. The detector interactions are simulated with Monte Carlo package GATE. The scattering angle inside the tissue is derived from the energy of the scattered photon, which results in a set of possible scattering trajectories or broken line of response. The Compton kinematics collimation reduces the number of solutions. Additionally, the time of flight information helps localize the position of the annihilation. One of the questions of this investigation is related to how the energy, spatial and temporal resolutions help confine the possible annihilation volume. A comparison of currently technically feasible detector resolutions (under laboratory conditions) demonstrates the influence on this annihilation volume and shows that energy and coincidence time resolution have a significant impact. An enhancement of the latter from 400 ps to 100 ps leads to a smaller annihilation volume of around 50%, while a change of the energy resolution in the absorber layer from 12% to 4.5% results in a reduction of 60%. The inclusion of single tissue-scattered data has the potential to increase the sensitivity of a scanner by a factor of 2 to 3 times. The concept can be further optimized and extended for multiple scatter coincidences and subsequently validated by a reconstruction algorithm.
In the study, the process chain of additive manufacturing by means of powder bed fusion will be presented based on the material glass. In order to reliably process components additively, new concepts with different solutions were developed and investigated.
Compared to established metallic materials, the properties of glass materials differ significantly. Therefore, the process control was adapted to the material glass in the investigations. With extensive parameter studies based on various glass powders such as borosilicate glass and quartz glass, scientifically proven results on powder bed fusion of glass are presented. Based on the determination of the particle properties with different methods, extensive investigations are made regarding the melting behavior of glass by means of laser beams. Furthermore, the experimental setup was steadily expanded. In addition to the integration of coaxial temperature measurement and regulation, preheating of the building platform is of major importance. This offers the possibility to perform 3D printing at the transformation temperatures of the glass materials. To improve the component’s properties, the influence of a subsequent heat treatment was also investigated.
The experience gained was incorporated into a new experimental system, which allows a much better exploration of the 3D printing of glass. Currently, studies are being conducted to improve surface texture, building accuracy, and geometrical capabilities using three-dimensional specimen.
The contribution shows the development of research in the field of 3D printing of glass, gives an insight into the machine and process engineering as well as an outlook on the possibilities and applications.
A new formulation to calculate the shakedown limit load of Kirchhoff plates under stochastic conditions of strength is developed. Direct structural reliability design by chance con-strained programming is based on the prescribed failure probabilities, which is an effective approach of stochastic programming if it can be formulated as an equivalent deterministic optimization problem. We restrict uncertainty to strength, the loading is still deterministic. A new formulation is derived in case of random strength with lognormal distribution. Upper bound and lower bound shakedown load factors are calculated simultaneously by a dual algorithm.
Project work and inter disciplinarity are integral parts of today's engineering work. It is therefore important to incorporate these aspects into the curriculum of academic studies of engineering. At the faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology an interdisciplinary project is part of the bachelor program to address these topics. Since the summer term 2020 most courses changed to online mode during the Covid-19 crisis including the interdisciplinary projects. This online mode introduces additional challenges to the execution of the projects, both for the students as well as for the lecture. The challenges, but also the risks and chances of this kind of project courses are subject of this paper, based on five different interdisciplinary projects
During the Covid-19 pandemic, vocational colleges, universities of applied science and technical universities often had to cancel laboratory sessions requiring students’ attendance. These above of all are of decisive importance in order to give learners an understanding of theory through practical work.This paper is a contribution to the implementation of distance learning for laboratory work applicable for several upper secondary educational facilities. Its aim is to provide a paradigm for hybrid teaching to analyze and control a non-linear system depicted by a tank model. For this reason, we redesign a full series of laboratory sessions on the basis of various challenges. Thus, it is suitable to serve different reference levels of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF).We present problem-based learning through online platforms to compensate the lack of a laboratory learning environment. With a task deduced from their future profession, we give students the opportunity to develop own solutions in self-defined time intervals. A requirements specification provides the framework conditions in terms of time and content for students having to deal with the challenges of the project in a self-organized manner with regard to inhomogeneous previous knowledge. If the concept of Complete Action is introduced in classes before, they will automatically apply it while executing the project.The goal is to combine students’ scientific understanding with a procedural knowledge. We suggest a series of remote laboratory sessions that combine a problem formulation from the subject area of Measurement, Control and Automation Technology with a project assignment that is common in industry by providing extracts from a requirements specification.
The Robot Operating System (ROS) is the current de-facto standard in robot middlewares. The steadily increasing size of the user base results in a greater demand for training as well. User groups range from students in academia to industry professionals with a broad spectrum of developers in between. To deliver high quality training and education to any of these audiences, educators need to tailor individual curricula for any such training. In this paper, we present an approach to ease compiling curricula for ROS trainings based on a taxonomy of the teaching contents. The instructor can select a set of dedicated learning units and the system will automatically compile the teaching material based on the dependencies of the units selected and a set of parameters for a particular training. We walk through an example training to illustrate our work.
In this paper, we present the structure, the simulation the operation of a multi-stage, hybrid solar desalination system (MSDH), powered by thermal and photovoltaic (PV) (MSDH) energy. The MSDH system consists of a lower basin, eight horizontal stages, a field of four flat thermal collectors with a total area of 8.4 m2, 3 Kw PV panels and solar batteries. During the day the system is heated by thermal energy, and at night by heating resistors, powered by solar batteries. These batteries are charged by the photovoltaic panels during the day. More specifically, during the day and at night, we analyse the temperature of the stages and the production of distilled water according to the solar irradiation intensity and the electric heating power, supplied by the solar batteries. The simulations were carried out in the meteorological conditions of the winter month (February 2020), presenting intensities of irradiance and ambient temperature reaching 824 W/m2 and 23 °C respectively. The results obtained show that during the day the system is heated by the thermal collectors, the temperature of the stages and the quantity of water produced reach 80 °C and 30 Kg respectively. At night, from 6p.m. the system is heated by the electric energy stored in the batteries, the temperature of the stages and the quantity of water produced reach respectively 90 °C and 104 Kg for an electric heating power of 2 Kw. Moreover, when the electric power varies from 1 Kw to 3 Kw the quantity of water produced varies from 92 Kg to 134 Kg. The analysis of these results and their comparison with conventional solar thermal desalination systems shows a clear improvement both in the heating of the stages, by 10%, and in the quantity of water produced by a factor of 3.
The utilization of phase change material (PCM) for latent heat storage and thermal control of spacecraft has been demonstrated in the past in few missions only. One limiting factor was the fact that all concepts developed so far envisioned the PCM to be applied as an additional capacitor, encapsulated in its own housing, leading to mass, efficiency and accommodation challenges. Recently, the application of PCM within the scan cavity of a GEOS type satellite has been suggested, in order to tackle thermal issues due to direct sun intrusion (Choi, M., 2014). However, the application of PCM in such complex mechanical structures is extremely challenging. A new concept to tackle this issue is currently under development at the FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences. The concept "Infused Thermal Solutions (ITS)" is based on the idea to 3D print metallic structures in their regular functional shape, but double walled with internal lattice support structures, allowing the infusion of a PCM layer directly into the voids and eliminating the need for additional parts and interfaces. Together with OHB System, FH Aachen theoretically studied the application of this technology to the Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Infra-Red Sounder (IRS) instrument. The study focuses on the scan cavity and entrance baffling assembly (EBA) of the IRS. It consists of thermal analyses, 3D-redesign and bread boarding of a scaled and PCM infused EBA version. In the thermal design of the alternative EBA, PCM was applied directly into the EBA, simulating the worst hot case sun intrusion of the mission. By applying 4kg of PCM (to a 60kg baffle) the EBA temperature excursions during sun intrusion were limited from 140K to 30K, leading to a significant thermo-opto-elastic performance gain. This paper introduces the ITS concept development status.
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency and is considered a high-risk asset class whose price changes are difficult to predict. Current research focusses on daily price movements with a limited number of predictors. The paper at hand aims at identifying measurable indicators for Bitcoin price movements and the development of a suitable forecasting model for hourly changes. The paper provides three research contributions. First, a set of significant indicators for predicting the Bitcoin price is identified. Second, the results of a trained Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) neural network that predicts price changes on an hourly basis is presented and compared with other algorithms. Third, the results foster discussions of the applicability of neural nets for stock price predictions. In total, 47 input features for a period of over 10 months could be retrieved to train a neural net that predicts the Bitcoin price movements with an error rate of 3.52 %.
Thematisch widmet sich das Projekt Coolplan- AIR der Fortentwicklung und Feldvalidierung eines Berechnungs- und Auslegungstools zur energieeffizienten Kühlung von Gebäuden mit luftgestützten Systemen. Neben dem Aufbau und der Weiterentwicklung von Simulationsmodellen erfolgen Vermessungen der Gesamtsysteme anhand von Praxisanlagen im Feld. Der Schwerpunkt des Projekts liegt auf der Vermessung, Simulation und Integration rein luftgestützter Kühltechnologien. Im Bereich der Kälteerzeugung wurden Luft‐ Luft‐ Wärmepumpen, Anlagen zur adiabaten Kühlung bzw. offene Kühltürme und VRF‐ Multisplit‐ Systeme (Variable Refrigerant Flow) im Feld bzw. auf dem Teststand der HSD vermessen. Die Komponentenmodelle werden in die Matlab/Simulink‐ Toolbox CARNOT integriert und anschließend auf Basis der zuvor erhaltenen Messdaten validiert.
Einerseits erlauben die Messungen das Betriebsverhalten von Anlagenkomponenten zu analysieren. Andererseits soll mit der Vermessung im Feld geprüft werden, inwieweit die Simulationsmodelle, welche im Vorgängerprojekt aus Prüfstandmessungen entwickelt wurden, auch für größere Geräteleistungen Gültigkeit besitzen. Die entwickelten und implementierten Systeme, bestehend aus verschiedensten Anlagenmodellen und Regelungskomponenten, werden geprüft und dahingehend qualifiziert, dass sie in Standard- Auslegungstools zuverlässig verwendet werden können.
Zusätzlich wird ein energetisches Monitoring eines Hörsaalgebäudes am Campus Jülich durchgeführt, das u. a. zur Validierung der Kühllastberechnungen in gängigen Simulationsmodelle genutzt werden kann.
Im Projekt Coolplan‐ AIR geht es um die Fortentwicklung und Feld‐ Validierung eines Berechnungs‐ und Auslegungstools zur energieeffizienten Kühlung von Gebäuden mit luftgestützten Systemen. Neben dem Aufbau und der Weiterentwicklung von Simulationsmodellen erfolgen Vermessungen der Gesamtsysteme anhand von Praxisanlagen im Feld. Eine der betrachteten Anlagen arbeitet mit indirekter Verdunstung. Diese Veröffentlichung zeigt den Entwicklungsprozess und den Aufbau des Simulationsmodells zur Verdunstungskühlung in der Simulationsumgebung Matlab‐ Simulink mit der CARNOT‐ Toolbox. Das besondere Augenmerk liegt dabei auf dem physikalischen Modell des Wärmeübertragers, in dem die Verdunstung implementiert ist. Dem neuen Modellansatz liegt die Annahme einer aus der Enthalpie‐ Betrachtung hergeleiteten effektiven Wärmekapazität zugrunde. Des Weiteren wird der Befeuchtungsgrad als konstant angesehen und eine standardisierte Zunahme der Wärmeübertragung des feuchten gegenüber dem trockenen Wärmeübertrager angenommen. Die Validierung des Modells erfolgte anhand von Literaturdaten. Für den trockenen Wärmetauscher ist der maximale absolute Fehler der berechneten Austrittstemperatur (Zuluft) kleiner als ±0.1 K und für den nassen Wärmetauscher (Kühlfall) unter der Annahme eines konstanten Verdunstungsgrades kleiner als ±0.4 K.
The paper presents an overview of the past and present of low-emission combustor research with hydrogen-rich fuels at Aachen University of Applied Sciences. In 1990, AcUAS started developing the Dry-Low-NOx Micromix combustion technology. Micromix reduces NOx emissions using jet-in-crossflow mixing of multiple miniaturized fuel jets and combustor air with an inherent safety against flashback. At first, pure hydrogen as fuel was investigated with lab-scale applications. Later, Micromix prototypes were developed for the use in an industrial gas turbine Honeywell/Garrett GTCP-36-300, proving low NOx characteristics during real gas turbine operation, accompanied by the successful definition of safety laws and control system modifications. Further, the Micromix was optimized for the use in annular and can combustors as well as for fuel-flexibility with hydrogen-methane-mixtures and hydrogen-rich syngas qualities by means of extensive experimental and numerical simulations. In 2020, the latest Micromix application will be demonstrated in a commercial 2 MW-class gas turbine can-combustor with full-scale engine operation. The paper discusses the advances in Micromix research over the last three decades.
Combined with the use of renewable energy sources for
its production, Hydrogen represents a possible alternative gas
turbine fuel for future low emission power generation. Due to
its different physical properties compared to other fuels such
as natural gas, well established gas turbine combustion
systems cannot be directly applied for Dry Low NOx (DLN)
Hydrogen combustion. This makes the development of new
combustion technologies an essential and challenging task
for the future of hydrogen fueled gas turbines.
The newly developed and successfully tested “DLN
Micromix” combustion technology offers a great potential to
burn hydrogen in gas turbines at very low NOx emissions.
Aiming to further develop an existing burner design in terms
of increased energy density, a redesign is required in order to
stabilise the flames at higher mass flows and to maintain low
emission levels.
For this purpose, a systematic design exploration has
been carried out with the support of CFD and optimisation
tools to identify the interactions of geometrical and design
parameters on the combustor performance. Aerodynamic
effects as well as flame and emission formation are observed
and understood time- and cost-efficiently. Correlations
between single geometric values, the pressure drop of the
burner and NOx production have been identified as a result.
This numeric methodology helps to reduce the effort of
manufacturing and testing to few designs for single
validation campaigns, in order to confirm the flame stability
and NOx emissions in a wider operating condition field.
This article introduces a new maritime search and rescue system based on S-band illumination harmonic radar (HR). Passive and active tags have been developed and tested attached to life jackets and a rescue boat. This system was able to detect and range the active tags up to a range of 5800 m in tests on the Baltic Sea with an antenna input power of only 100 W. All electronic GHz components of the system, excluding the S-band power amplifier, were custom developed for this purpose. Special attention is given to the performance and conceptual differences between passive and active tags used in the system and integration with a maritime X-band navigation radar is demonstrated.
Modeling and upscaling of a pilot bayonettube reactor for indirect solar mixed methane reforming
(2020)
A 16.77 kW thermal power bayonet-tube reactor for the mixed reforming of methane using solar energy has been designed and modeled. A test bench for the experimental tests has been installed at the Synlight facility in Juelich, Germany and has just been commissioned. This paper presents the solar-heated reactor design for a combined steam and dry reforming as well as a scaled-up process simulation of a solar reforming plant for methanol production. Solar power towers are capable of providing large amounts of heat to drive high-endothermic reactions, and their integration with thermochemical processes shows a promising future. In the designed bayonet-tube reactor, the conventional burner arrangement for the combustion of natural gas has been substituted by a continuous 930 °C hot air stream, provided by means of a solar heated air receiver, a ceramic thermal storage and an auxiliary firing system. Inside the solar-heated reactor, the heat is transferred by means of convective mechanism mainly; instead of radiation mechanism as typically prevailing in fossil-based industrial reforming processes. A scaled-up solar reforming plant of 50.5 MWth was designed and simulated in Dymola® and AspenPlus®. In comparison to a fossil-based industrial reforming process of the same thermal capacity, a solar reforming plant with thermal storage promises a reduction up to 57 % of annual natural gas consumption in regions with annual DNI-value of 2349 kWh/m2. The benchmark solar reforming plant contributes to a CO2 avoidance of approx. 79 kilotons per year. This facility can produce a nominal output of 734.4 t of synthesis gas and out of this 530 t of methanol a day.
As part of the transnational research project EDITOR, a parabolic trough collector system (PTC) with concrete thermal energy storage (C-TES) was installed and commissioned in Limassol, Cyprus. The system is located on the premises of the beverage manufacturer KEAN Soft Drinks Ltd. and its function is to supply process steam for the factory's pasteurisation process [1]. Depending on the factory's seasonally varying capacity for beverage production, the solar system delivers between 5 and 25 % of the total steam demand. In combination with the C-TES, the solar plant can supply process steam on demand before sunrise or after sunset. Furthermore, the C-TES compensates the PTC during the day in fluctuating weather conditions. The parabolic trough collector as well as the control and oil handling unit is designed and manufactured by Protarget AG, Germany. The C-TES is designed and produced by CADE Soluciones de Ingeniería, S.L., Spain. In the focus of this paper is the description of the operational experience with the PTC, C-TES and boiler during the commissioning and operation phase. Additionally, innovative optimisation measures are presented.
Industry 4.0 imposes many challenges for manufacturing companies and their employees. Innovative and effective training strategies are required to cope with fast-changing production environments and new manufacturing technologies. Virtual Reality (VR) offers new ways of on-the-job, on-demand, and off-premise training. A novel concept and evaluation system combining Gamification and VR practice for flexible assembly tasks is proposed in this paper and compared to existing works. It is based on directed acyclic graphs and a leveling system. The concept enables a learning speed which is adjustable to the users’ pace and dynamics, while the evaluation system facilitates adaptive work sequences and allows employee-specific task fulfillment. The concept was implemented and analyzed in the Industry 4.0 model factory at FH Aachen for mechanical assembly jobs.
Control engineering theory is hard to grasp for undergraduates during the first semesters, as it deals with the dynamical behavior of systems also in combination with control strategies on an abstract level. Therefore, operational amplifier (OpAmp) processes are reasonable and very effective systems to connect mathematical description with actual system’s behavior. In this paper, we present an experiment for a laboratory session in which an embedded system, driven by a LabVIEW human machine interface (HMI) via USB, controls the analog circuits.With this setup we want to show the possibility of firstly, analyzing a first order process and secondly, designing a P-and PI-controller. Thereby, the theory of control engineering is always applied to the empirical results in order to break down the abstract level for the students.
Frequency Dependent Impedance Analysis of the Foundation-Soil-Systems of Onshore Wind Turbines
(2018)
Seismic design of buried pipeline systems for energy and water supply is not only important for plant and operational safety but also for the maintenance of the supply infrastructure after an earthquake. The present paper shows special issues of the seismic wave impacts on buried pipelines, describes calculation methods, proposes approaches and gives calculation examples. This paper regards the effects of transient displacement differences and resulting tensions within the pipeline due to the wave propagation of the earthquake. However, the presented model can also be used to calculate fault rupture induced displacements. Based on a three-dimensional Finite Element Model parameter studies are performed to show the influence of several parameters such as incoming wave angle, wave velocity, backfill height and synthetic displacement time histories. The interaction between the pipeline and the surrounding soil is modeled with non-linear soil springs and the propagating wave is simulated affecting the pipeline punctually, independently in time and space. Special attention is given to long-distance heat pipeline systems. Here, in regular distances expansion bends are arranged to ensure movements of the pipeline due to high temperature. Such expansion bends are usually designed with small bending radii, which during the earthquake lead to high bending stresses in the cross-section of the pipeline. Finally, an interpretation of the results and recommendations are given for the most critical parameters.
The Effect of Openings on Out-of-Plane Capacity of Masonry Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames
(2018)
Investigation Of The Seismic Behaviour Of Infill Masonry Using Numerical Modelling Approaches
(2017)
Masonry is a widely spread construction type which is used all over the world for different types of structures. Due to its simple and cheap construction, it is used as non-structural as well as structural element. In frame structures, such as
reinforced concrete frames, masonry may be used as infill. While the bare frame itself is able to carry the loads when it comes to seismic events, the infilled frame is not able to warp freely due to the constrained movement. This restraint results in a complex interaction between the infill and the surrounding frame, which may lead to severe damage to the infill as well as the surrounding frame. The interaction is studied in different projects and effective approaches for the description of the behavior are still lacking. Experimental programs are usually quite expensive, while numerical models, once validated, do offer an efficient approach for the investigation of the interaction when horizontally loaded. In order to study the numerous parameters influencing the seismic load bearing behavior, numerical models may be used. Therefore, this contribution presents a numerical approach for the simulation of infill masonry in reinforced concrete frames. Both parts, the surrounding frame as well as the infill are represented by micro modelling approaches to correctly take into account the different types of failure. The adopted numerical model describes the inelastic behavior of the system, as indicated by the obtained results of the overall structural response as well as the formation of damage in the infilled wall. Comparison of the numerical and experimental results highlights the valuable contribution of numerical simulations in the study and design of infilled frames. As damage of the infill masonry may occur in-plane due to the interaction as well as out-of-plane due to the low vertical load, both directions of loading are investigated.
Analysis Of Base Isolated Liquid Storage Tanks With 3D Fsi-Analysis As Well As Simplified Approaches
(2017)
Tanks are preferably designed, for cost-saving reasons, as circular, cylindrical, thin-walled shells. In case of seismic excitation, these constructions are highly vulnerable to stability failures. An earthquake-resistant design of rigidly supported tanks for high seismic loading demands, however, uneconomic wall thicknesses. A cost-effective alternative can be provided by base isolation systems. In this paper, a simplified seismic design procedure for base isolated tanks is introduced, by appropriately modifying the standard mechanical model for flexible, rigidly supported tanks. The non-linear behavior of conventional base isolation systems becomes an integral part of a proposed simplified process, which enables
the assessment of the reduced hydrodynamic forces acting on the tank walls and the corresponding stress distribution. The impulsive and convective actions of the liquid are taken into account. The validity of this approach is evaluated by
employing a non-linear fluid-structure interaction algorithm of finite element method. Special focus is placed on the boundary conditions imposed from the base isolation and the resulting hydrodynamic pressures. Both horizontal and vertical
component of ground motion are considered in order to study the principal effects of the base isolation on the pressure distribution of the tank walls. The induced rocking effects associated with elastomeric bearings are discussed. The results
manifest that base isolated tanks can be designed for seismic loads by means of the proposed procedure with sufficient accuracy, allowing to dispense with numerically expensive techniques.
Reinforced concrete (RC) frames with masonry infills are frequently used in seismic regions all over the world. Generally masonry infills are considered as nonstructural elements and thus are typically neglected in the design process. However, the observations made after strong earthquakes have shown that masonry infills can modify the dynamic behavior of the structure significantly. The consequences were total collapses of buildings and loss of human lives. This paper presents the new system INODIS (Innovative Decoupled Infill System) developed within the European research project INSYSME (Innovative Systems for Earthquake Resistant Masonry Enclosures in RC Buildings). INODIS decouples the frame and the masonry infill by means of special U-shaped rubbers placed in between frame and infill. The effectiveness of the system was investigated by means of full scale tests on RC frames with masonry infills subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane loading. Furthermore small specimen tests were conducted to determine material characteristics of the components and the resistances of the connections. Finally, a micromodel was developed to simulate the in-plane behavior of RC frames infilled with AAC blocks with and without installation of the INODIS system.
A further development of the Added-Mass-Method allows the combined representation of the effects of both soil-structure-interaction and fluid-structure interaction on a liquid-filled-tank in one model. This results in a practical method for describing the dynamic fluid pressure on the tank shell during joint movement. The fluid pressure is calculated on the basis of the tank's eigenform and the earthquake acceleration and represented by additional masses on the shell. The bearing on compliant ground is represented by replacement springs, which are calculated dependent on the local soil composition. The influence of the shear modulus of the compliant soil is clearly visible in the pressure curves and the stress distribution in the shell. The acceleration spectra are also dependent on soil stiffness. According to Eurocode-8 the acceleration spectra are determined for fixed soil-classes, instead of calculating the accelerations for each site in direct dependence on the soil composition. This leads to unrealistic sudden changes in the system's response. Therefore, earthquake spectra are calculated for different soil models in direct dependence of the shear modulus. Thus, both the acceleration spectra and the replacement springs match the soil composition. This enables a reasonable and consistent calculation of the system response for the actual conditions at each site.