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Der vorliegende Artikel fokussiert sich auf die weibliche Belastungsinkontinenz als Insuffizienz der Speicherfunktion der Blase, auch wenn im klinischen Alltag die Harninkontinenz der Frau häufig verschiedene Ursachen hat und insbesondere eine Belastungsinkontinenz im Alter und bei neurologischer Komorbidität nur selten isoliert vorkommt.
Das kleine Becken der Frau ist sowohl als Funktions- als auch als strukturelle Einheit zu betrachten. Dabei unterliegen bei der Frau Blase, Harnröhre, Gebärmutter und Enddarm sowie die muskulären und ligamentösen Strukturen des kleinen Beckens durch Fertilitätsphase, mögliche Schwangerschaften, Geburten und Menopausen-Phase, über das „normale Altern“ hinaus, gravierenden Veränderungen.
This article focuses on female stress incontinence in the form of pelvic floor dysfunction and urethral sphincter deficiency, although isolated stress incontinence accounts for less than half of all incontinence cases. Especially in women of old age and those with neurological comorbidities, the causes of incontinence are mostly multifactorial. Also it has to be considered that the female bladder, urethra, uterus and rectum as well as the muscular and ligamentous structures of the female pelvis minor are affected by phases of fertility, possible pregnancies, births and menopause in addition to the normal ageing process.
Mechanical forces/tensile stresses are critical determinants of cellular growth, differentiation and migration patterns in health and disease. The innovative “CellDrum technology” was designed for measuring mechanical tensile stress of cultured cell monolayers/thin tissue constructs routinely. These are cultivated on very thin silicone membranes in the so-called CellDrum. The cell layers adhere firmly to the membrane and thus transmit the cell forces generated. A CellDrum consists of a cylinder which is sealed from below with a 4 μm thick, biocompatible, functionalized silicone membrane. The weight of cell culture medium bulbs the membrane out downwards. Membrane indentation is measured. When cells contract due to drug action, membrane, cells and medium are lifted upwards. The induced indentation changes allow for lateral drug induced mechanical tension quantification of the micro-tissues. With hiPS-induced (human) Cardiomyocytes (CM) the CellDrum opens new perspectives of individualized cardiac drug testing. Here, monolayers of self-beating hiPS-CMs were grown in CellDrums. Rhythmic contractions of the hiPS-cells induce membrane up-and-down deflections. The recorded cycles allow for single beat amplitude, single beat duration, integration of the single beat amplitude over the beat time and frequency analysis. Dose effects of agonists and antagonists acting on Ca2+ channels were sensitively and highly reproducibly observed. Data were consistent with published reference data as far as they were available. The combination of the CellDrum technology with hiPS-Cardiomyocytes offers a fast, facile and precise system for pharmacological and toxicological studies. It allows new preclinical basic as well as applied research in pharmacolgy and toxicology.
Electromechanical model of hiPSC-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes cocultured with fibroblasts
(2018)
The CellDrum provides an experimental setup to study the mechanical effects of fibroblasts co-cultured with hiPSC-derived ventricular cardiomyocytes. Multi-scale computational models based on the Finite Element Method are developed. Coupled electrical cardiomyocyte-fibroblast models (cell level) are embedded into reaction-diffusion equations (tissue level) which compute the propagation of the action potential in the cardiac tissue. Electromechanical coupling is realised by an excitation-contraction model (cell level) and the active stress arising during contraction is added to the passive stress in the force balance, which determines the tissue displacement (tissue level). Tissue parameters in the model can be identified experimentally to the specific sample.
The overall objective of this study is to develop a new external fixator, which closely maps the native kinematics of the elbow to decrease the joint force resulting in reduced rehabilitation time and pain. An experimental setup was designed to determine the native kinematics of the elbow during flexion of cadaveric arms. As a preliminary study, data from literature was used to modify a published biomechanical model for the calculation of the joint and muscle forces. They were compared to the original model and the effect of the kinematic refinement was evaluated. Furthermore, the obtained muscle forces were determined in order to apply them in the experimental setup. The joint forces in the modified model differed slightly from the forces in the original model. The muscle force curves changed particularly for small flexion angles but their magnitude for larger angles was consistent.
Im Rahmen des europäischen Verbundprojekts INSYSME wurden von den deutschen Partnern die Systeme IMES und INODIS zur Verbesserung des seismischen Verhaltens von ausgefachten Stahlbetonrahmen entwickelt. Ziel beider Systeme ist es, Stahlbetonrahmen und Ausfachung zu entkoppeln, anstatt die Tragfähigkeit durch aufwendige und kostspielige zusätzliche Bewehrungseinlagen zu erhöhen. Erste Ergebnisse des Systems IMES für Belastungen in und senkrecht zu der Wandebene werden vorgestellt.
The quest for life on other planets is closely connected with the search for water in liquid state. Recent discoveries of deep oceans on icy moons like Europa and Enceladus have spurred an intensive discussion about how these waters can be accessed. The challenge of this endeavor lies in the unforeseeable requirements on instrumental characteristics both with respect to the scientific and technical methods. The TRIPLE/nanoAUV initiative is aiming at developing a mission concept for exploring exo-oceans and demonstrating the achievements in an earth-analogue context, exploring the ocean under the ice shield of Antarctica and lakes like Dome-C on the Antarctic continent.
Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is characterized by the failure of the levator ani (LA) muscle to maintain the pelvic hiatus, resulting in the descent of the pelvic organs below the pubococcygeal line. This chapter adopts the modified Humphrey material model to consider the effect of the muscle fiber on passive stretching of the LA muscle. The deformation of the LA muscle subjected to intra-abdominal pressure during Valsalva maneuver is compared with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of a nulliparous female. Numerical result shows that the fiber-based Humphrey model simulates the muscle behavior better than isotropic constitutive models. Greater posterior movement of the LA muscle widens the levator hiatus due to lack of support from the anococcygeal ligament and the perineal structure as a consequence of birth-related injury and aging. Old and multiparous females with uncontrolled urogenital and rectal hiatus tend to develop PFDs such as prolapse and incontinence.
Wireless CAN
(2018)
In modernen elektronischen und mechatronischen Systemen, z. B. im industriellen oder automobil Bereich, kommunizieren eingebettete Steuergeräte und Sensoren vielfach über Bussysteme wie CAN oder LIN. Die Kommunikation findet in der Regel drahtgebunden statt, so dass der Kabelbaum für die Kommunikation sehr groß werden kann. Daher ist es naheliegend, Leitungen und dazugehörige Stecker, z. B. für nicht-sicherheitskritische Komfortsysteme, einzusparen und diese durch gerichtete Funkstrecken für kurze Entfernungen zu ersetzen. Somit könnten Komponenten wie ECUs oder Sensoren kabel- und steckerlos in ein Bussystem integriert werden. Zudem ist eine einfache galvanische und mechanische Trennung zu erreichen. Funkübertragung wird bei diesen Bussystemen derzeit nicht eingesetzt, da insbesondere die Echtzeitfähigkeit und die Robustheit der vorhandenen Funksysteme nicht den Anforderungen der Anwendungen entspricht. Zudem sind bestehende Funksysteme wie WLAN oder Bluetooth im Vergleich zur konventionellen Verkabelung teuer und es besteht hierbei die Möglichkeit, dass sie ausspioniert werden können und so sensible Daten entwendet werden können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine alternative Realisierung zu den bestehenden Funksystemen vorgestellt, die aus wenigen Komponenten aufzubauen ist. Es ist eine protokolllose, echtzeitfähige Übertragung möglich und somit die transparente Integration in ein Bussystem wie CAN.