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Self-aeration is traditionally explained by the water turbulent boundary layer outer edge intersection with the free surface. This paper presents a discussion on the commonly accepted hypothesis behind the computation of the critical point of self-aeration in spillway flows and a new formulation is proposed based on the existence of a developing air flow over the free surface. Upstream of the inception point of self-aeration, some surface roughening has been often reported in previous studies which consequently implies some entrapped air transport and air–water flows coupling. Such air flow is proven in this study by presenting measured air velocities and computing the air boundary layer thickness for a 1V:2H smooth chute flow. Additionally, the growth rate of free surface waves has been analysed by means of Ultrasonic Sensors measurements, obtaining also the entrapped air concentration. High-speed camera imaging has been used for qualitative study of the flow perturbations.
Application of the optical flow method to velocity determination in hydraulic structure models
(2016)
The main objective of the BATIMASS project was to address how the energy balance in relatively lightweight steel buildings can be improved by building in ‘active thermal mass’ (ATM) into the building fabric. This was achieved through concept design, dynamic thermal modelling and testing of a number of potentially viable systems and concepts. A significant programme of thermal simulation modelling was undertaken utilising the thermally equivalent slab (TES) concept to model the passive thermal capacity effect of profiled, composite metal floor decks. It is apparent from the modelling results that thermal mass is a highly complex phenomenon which is highly dependent upon building type, occupancy patterns, climate and many other aspects of the building design and servicing strategy. The ATM systems developed, both conceptually and for prototype testing, focussed on water-cooled composite slabs, the Cofradal floor system and the phase change material (PCM) Energain. In addition to laboratory testing of prototypes, whole building monitoring was undertaken at the Kubik building in Spain and the RWTH test building in Germany. Advanced thermal modelling was also undertaken to estimate the likely benefits of the ATM concept designs developed and for comparison with the test results. In addition to thermal testing, structural tests were conducted on composite floor specimens incorporating embedded water pipes. This Final Report presents the results of the activities carried out under this RFCS contract RFSR CT 2012 00033. The work carried out is reported in six major sections corresponding to the technical Work Packages of the project. Only summaries of the work carried out are provided in this report; all work undertaken is fully reported in the formal project deliverables.
Optical flow estimation is known from Computer Vision where it is used to determine obstacle movements through a sequence of images following an assumption of brightness conservation. This paper presents the first study on application of the optical flow method to aerated stepped spillway flows. For this purpose, the flow is captured with a high-speed camera and illuminated with a synchronized LED light source. The flow velocities, obtained using a basic Horn–Schunck method for estimation of the optical flow coupled with an image pyramid multi-resolution approach for image filtering, compare well with data from intrusive conductivity probe measurements. Application of the Horn–Schunck method yields densely populated flow field data sets with velocity information for every pixel. It is found that the image pyramid approach has the most significant effect on the accuracy compared to other image processing techniques. However, the final results show some dependency on the pixel intensity distribution, with better accuracy found for grey values between 100 and 150.