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In this field study we present an approach for the comprehensive and room-specific assessment of
parameters with the overall aim to realize energy-efficient provision of hygienically harmless and
thermally comfortable indoor environmental quality in naturally ventilated non-residential
buildings. The approach is based on (i) conformity assessment of room design parameters, (ii)
empirical determination of theoretically expected occupant-specific supply air flow rates and
corresponding air exchange rates, (iii) experimental determination of real occupant-specific
supply air flow rates and corresponding air exchange rates, (iv) measurement of indoor environmental
exposure conditions of T, RH, cCO2 , cPM2.5 and cTVOC, and (v) determination of real
energy demands for the prevailing ventilation scheme. Underlying assessment criteria comprise
the indoor environmental parameters of category II of EN 16798-1: Temperature T = 20 ◦C–24 ◦C,
and relative humidity RH = 25 %–60 % as well as the guide values of the German Federal
Environment Agency for cCO2 cPM2.5 and cTVOC of 1000 ppm, 15 μg m⁻³, and 1 mg m ⁻³,
respectively.
Investigation objects are six naturally ventilated classrooms of a German secondary school.
Major factors influencing indoor environmental quality in these classrooms are the specific room
volume per occupant and the window opening area. It is concluded that the rigorous implementation
of ventilation recommendations laid down by the German Federal Environment
Agency is ineffective with respect to anticipated indoor environmental parameters and inefficient
with respect to ventilation energy losses on the order of about 10 kWh m⁻² a ⁻¹ to 30 kWh m⁻²
a ⁻¹.
To successfully develop and introduce concrete artificial intelligence (AI) solutions in operational practice, a comprehensive process model is being tested in the WIRKsam joint project. It is based on a methodical approach that integrates human, technical and organisational aspects and involves employees in the process. The chapter focuses on the procedure for identifying requirements for a work system that is implementing AI in problem-driven projects and for selecting appropriate AI methods. This means that the use case has already been narrowed down at the beginning of the project and must be completely defined in the following. Initially, the existing preliminary work is presented. Based on this, an overview of all procedural steps and methods is given. All methods are presented in detail and good practice approaches are shown. Finally, a reflection of the developed procedure based on the application in nine companies is given.
Effective government services rely on accurate population numbers to allocate resources. In Colombia and globally, census enumeration is challenging in remote regions and where armed conflict is occurring. During census preparations, the Colombian National Administrative Department of Statistics conducted social cartography workshops, where community representatives estimated numbers of dwellings and people throughout their regions. We repurposed this information, combining it with remotely sensed buildings data and other geospatial data. To estimate building counts and population sizes, we developed hierarchical Bayesian models, trained using nearby full-coverage census enumerations and assessed using 10-fold cross-validation. We compared models to assess the relative contributions of community knowledge, remotely sensed buildings, and their combination to model fit. The Community model was unbiased but imprecise; the Satellite model was more precise but biased; and the Combination model was best for overall accuracy. Results reaffirmed the power of remotely sensed buildings data for population estimation and highlighted the value of incorporating local knowledge.
Mit der Digitalen Automatischen Kupplung beginnt ein neues Kapitel des Schienengüterverkehrs, in dem zusammengestellte Wagen sich automatisch in wenigen Minuten abfahrbereit machen, ohne dass der Mensch eingreifen muss. Eines des größten Hemmnisse der umweltfreundlichen Schiene wird dann entfallen. Notwendig ist jetzt eine Diskussion über den Umfang und die Systemgrenzen der Automatischen Bremsprobe.
In many instances, freight vehicles exchange load or information with plants that are or will soon be Industry4.0 plants. The Wagon4.0 concept, as developed in close cooperation with e.g. port or mine operations, offers a maximum in railway operational efficiency while providing strong business cases already in the respective plant interaction. The Wagon4.0 consists of main components, a power supply, data network, sensors, actuators and an operating system, the so called WagonOS. The Wagon OS is implemented in a granular, self-sufficient manner, to allow basic features such as WiFi-Mesh and train christening in remote areas without network connection. Furthermore, the granularity of the operating system allows to extend the familiar app concept to freight rail rolling stock, making it possible to use specialised actuators for certain applications, e.g. an electrical parking brake or an auxiliary drive. In order to facilitate migration to the Wagon4.0 for existing fleets, a migration concept featuring five levels of technical adaptation was developed. The present paper investigates the benefits of Wagon4.0-implementations for the particular challenges of heavy haul operations by focusing on train christening, ep-assisted braking, autonomous last mile and traction boost operation as well as improved maintenance schedules
Neue Perspektiven für die Bahn in der Produktions- und Distributionslogistik durch Prozessautomation
(2019)
Deutschland braucht mehr Eisenbahn um CO2-Emissionen aus dem Verkehr zu reduzieren. Sie muss zum Rückgrat aktueller Logistikprozesse, z.B. bei Kaufmannsgütern und E-Commerce, werden. Dies geht nicht ohne neuartige betriebliche Konzepte und eine Transformation des Güterwagens von einem „dummen Stück Stahl“ zu einem modernen Werkzeug der Logistik.
Als „Güterwagen 4.0“ wird ein kommunikativer und kooperativer Güterwagen verstanden, der die Voraussetzung zur Automatisierung aller Prozesse der Zugvorbereitung bereitstellt, sich aber ansonsten vollkommen kompatibel mit heutigen Betriebsverfahren im Hauptlauf präsentiert. Durch Kommunikation zwischen Güterwagen und umgebenden intelligenten Systemen im Sinne eines „Internet der Dinge“ gelingt damit unter Anderem die Realisierung hoch effizienter Gleisanschlussverkehre, die der Güterbahn neue Märkte abseits der klassisch bahn-affinen Verkehre erschließen und letztlich den Wandel zu einer nachhaltigen Gütermobilität fördern.
Lokomotiven sind dank modernster Konzepte der Antriebstechnik heute energiesparend und umweltfreundlich. Eine Ausrüstung mit Telematik und Assistenzfunktionen ist Standard. Auf der Strecke zeigt sich moderne Technik in Form elektronischer Stellwerke und Zugsicherungssysteme und in Rangier- und Abstellanlagen als EOW-Technik. Am Güterwagen hingegen ist der technische Fortschritt komplett vorbeigegangen. Auch beim modernsten Wagen (Abb. 1) ist die einzige „Automatik“-Funktion die zentral über die Hauptluftleitung (HL) versorgte und betätigte Luftbremse.
Rocket engine test facilities and launch pads are typically equipped with a guide tube. Its purpose is to ensure the controlled and safe routing of the hot exhaust gases. In addition, the guide tube induces a suction that effects the nozzle flow, namely the flow separation during transient start-up and shut-down of the engine. A cold flow subscale nozzle in combination with a set of guide tubes was studied experimentally
to determine the main influencing parameters.
In this work, the effect of low air relative humidity on the operation of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is investigated. An innovative method through performing in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is utilised to quantify the effect of inlet air relative humidity at the cathode side on internal ionic resistances and output voltage of the fuel cell. In addition, algorithms are developed to analyse the electrochemical characteristics of the fuel cell. For the specific fuel cell stack used in this study, the membrane resistance drops by over 39 % and the cathode side charge transfer resistance decreases by 23 % after increasing the humidity from 30 % to 85 %, while the results of static operation also show an increase of ∼2.2 % in the voltage output after increasing the relative humidity from 30 % to 85 %. In dynamic operation, visible drying effects occur at < 50 % relative humidity, whereby the increase of the air side stoichiometry increases the drying effects. Furthermore, other parameters, such as hydrogen humidification, internal stack structure, and operating parameters like stoichiometry, pressure, and temperature affect the overall water balance. Therefore, the optimal humidification range must be determined by considering all these parameters to maximise the fuel cell performance and durability. The results of this study are used to develop a health management system to ensure sufficient humidification by continuously monitoring the fuel cell polarisation data and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicators.
This paper discusses a new way of inflight power regeneration for electric or hybrid-electric driven general aviation aircraft with one powertrain for both configurations. Three different approaches for the shift from propulsion to regeneration mode are analyzed. Numerical cal-culation and wind tunnel results are compared and show the highest regeneration potential for the "Windmill" approach, where the propeller blades are flipped, and rotation is reversed. A combination of all regeneration approaches for a realistic flight mission is discussed.
The development and operation of hybrid or purely electrically powered aircraft in regional air mobility is a significant challenge for the entire aviation sector. This technology is expected to lead to substantial advances in flight performance, energy efficiency, reliability, safety, noise reduction, and exhaust emissions. Nevertheless, any consumed energy results in heat or carbon dioxide emissions and limited electric energy storage capabilities suppress commercial use. Therefore, the significant challenges to achieving eco-efficient aviation are increased aircraft efficiency, the development of new energy storage technologies, and the optimization of flight operations. Two major approaches for higher eco-efficiency are identified: The first one, is to take horizontal and vertical atmospheric motion phenomena into account. Where, in particular, atmospheric waves hold exciting potential. The second one is the use of the regeneration ability of electric aircraft. The fusion of both strategies is expected to improve efficiency. The objective is to reduce energy consumption during flight while not neglecting commercial usability and convenient flight characteristics. Therefore, an optimized control problem based on a general aviation class aircraft has to be developed and validated by flight experiments. The formulated approach enables a development of detailed knowledge of the potential and limitations of optimizing flight missions, considering the capability of regeneration and atmospheric influences to increase efficiency and range.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) constantly gain in versatility. However, more reliable path planning algorithms are required until full autonomous UAV operation is possible. This work investigates the algorithm 3DVFH* and analyses its dependency on its cost function weights in 2400 environments. The analysis shows that the 3DVFH* can find a suitable path in every environment. However, a particular type of environment requires a specific choice of cost function weights. For minimal failure, probability interdependencies between the weights of the cost function have to be considered. This dependency reduces the number of control parameters and simplifies the usage of the 3DVFH*. Weights for costs associated with vertical evasion (pitch cost) and vicinity to obstacles (obstacle cost) have the highest influence on the failure probability of the local path planner. Environments with mainly very tall buildings (like large American city centres) require a preference for horizontal avoidance manoeuvres (achieved with high pitch cost weights). In contrast, environments with medium-to-low buildings (like European city centres) benefit from vertical avoidance manoeuvres (achieved with low pitch cost weights). The cost of the vicinity to obstacles also plays an essential role and must be chosen adequately for the environment. Choosing these two weights ideal is sufficient to reduce the failure probability below 10%.