Refine
Author
- Manfred Staat (166)
- Bernd Dachwald (134)
- Ilya Digel (115)
- Gerhard Artmann (80)
- Aysegül Temiz Artmann (70)
- Konstantin Kotliar (65)
- Kirsten Albracht (55)
- Mehdi Behbahani (36)
- Peter Linder (34)
- Wolfgang Seboldt (27)
- Thanh Ngoc Tran (24)
- Ralf Frotscher (22)
- Kilian Wegmann (19)
- Alexander Jung (18)
- Jan Thimo Grundmann (17)
- Patric Seefeldt (17)
- Peter Kayser (16)
- Caroline Lange (15)
- M. Behr (15)
- Aroj Bhattarai (14)
- Christian D. Grimm (13)
- Dariusz Porst (13)
- Matteo Ceriotti (13)
- Minh Tuan Duong (13)
- Peter Spietz (13)
- Alessandro Peloni (12)
- Jens Biele (12)
- Michael Hackl (12)
- Bjoern Braunstein (11)
- Dominik Quantius (11)
- Matthias Gossmann (11)
- Tom Spröwitz (11)
- Walthard Vilser (11)
- Azhar A. Zhubanova (10)
- Colin R. McInnes (10)
- Etienne Dumont (10)
- Gert-Peter Brüggemann (10)
- Ines M. Lanzl (10)
- Julia Kowalski (10)
- Jürgen Hescheler (10)
- Jürgen Trzewik (10)
- K. Mottaghy (10)
- Kaname Sasaki (10)
- Ngoc Trinh Tran (10)
- W. Seboldt (10)
- Waldemar Bauer (10)
- Benjamin Stäudle (9)
- Elisabet Wejmo (9)
- Ines Lanzl (9)
- Jörn Rittweger (9)
- Kay Zerlin (9)
- Malcolm Macdonald (9)
- Michael Ruffer (9)
- Nuraly Akimbekov (9)
- Phu Tinh Pham (9)
- Stephan Ulamec (9)
- Stephanie Lucina Kahmann (9)
- Tra-Mi Ho (9)
- Walid Albanna (9)
- Andreas M. Stadler (8)
- Andreas Ohndorf (8)
- Bong Wie (8)
- Christoph Schmaderer (8)
- Federico Cordero (8)
- Gerrit Alexander Schubert (8)
- Hans Clusmann (8)
- Henner Hanssen (8)
- Johannes Riemann (8)
- Karl-Heinz Schartner (8)
- Maciej Sznajder (8)
- Nicole Schmitz (8)
- Rico Jahnke (8)
- Roy Lichtenheldt (8)
- Sergio Montenegro (8)
- Siebo Reershemius (8)
- Thomas Renger (8)
- Tim Leschinger (8)
- Tobias Mikschl (8)
- Christian Ziach (7)
- Dirk Abel (7)
- Eugen Mikulz (7)
- Giovanni Mengali (7)
- Ivanka Pelivan (7)
- L. Tran (7)
- Lars P. Müller (7)
- Marco Feldmann (7)
- Stefan Sponagel (7)
- Taylan Demirci (7)
- Uwe Heemann (7)
- Wolfram Müller (7)
- Adamantios Arampatzis (6)
- Andreas Horbach (6)
- C. Waluga (6)
- Christian Krause (6)
- Engelbert Plescher (6)
- Eylem Kurulgan Demirci (6)
- Friederike Wolff (6)
- Georg Büldt (6)
- H. Nojima (6)
- Lars Peter Müller (6)
- M. Heitzer (6)
- Matthias Goßmann (6)
- Nhu Huynh Nguyen (6)
- Norbert Toth (6)
- Nuraly S. Akimbekov (6)
- Ralf Boden (6)
- Rasha Bassam (6)
- A. Mai (5)
- Amelie Werkhausen (5)
- Charlotte Richter (5)
- Christina Maggakis-Kelemen (5)
- Clemens Espe (5)
- David A. Green (5)
- Fabian Göll (5)
- Felix Neumaier (5)
- G. Baroud (5)
- Hans-Jürgen Raatschen (5)
- Heiko K. Strüder (5)
- Irina Savitskaya (5)
- Jan P. Embs (5)
- K. Vonderstein (5)
- Lars-Peter Müller (5)
- M. Probst (5)
- Martin Halle (5)
- Mathias Maier (5)
- Maximilian Sanno (5)
- Norbert Tóth (5)
- R. Kreißig (5)
- Thomas Abel (5)
- Timo Grimmer (5)
- Volker Maiwald (5)
- A. A. Zhubanova (4)
- A. Ohndorf (4)
- Alexander Koncz (4)
- Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss (4)
- Changsheng Xu (4)
- Colin McInnes (4)
- David Herčík (4)
- Duc Khoi Vu (4)
- Edgar Nagel (4)
- Fabian Baader (4)
- Giulia Viavattene (4)
- Guiseppe Zaccai (4)
- Iain Moore (4)
- Irina S. Savitskaya (4)
- Jan-Peter Goldmann (4)
- Jeannette Heiligers (4)
- Julia Attias (4)
- K. Konstantinidis (4)
- Karl-Heinz Gatzweiler (4)
- M. Pasquali (4)
- M. V. Zaseeva (4)
- Maike Ketelhut (4)
- Marcus Baumann (4)
- Melanie Kolditz (4)
- Nikolaus Feucht (4)
- O. Funke (4)
- O. V. Svetlova (4)
- Oliver J. Quittmann (4)
- R. Förstner (4)
- Ralph Kahle (4)
- Robin Bayer (4)
- Roman Günthner (4)
- Simon Tardivel (4)
- T. Demirci (4)
- Tobias Weber (4)
- Toni Schneider (4)
- Volker Seifarth (4)
- Wlodek Kofman (4)
- Zulkhair Mansurov (4)
- A. A. Kozhalakova (3)
- A. Schmidt-Trucksäss (3)
- A.A. Zhubanova (3)
- Aida Kistaubayeva (3)
- Albert Gollhofer (3)
- Alessandro Fasse (3)
- Alexander Suess (3)
- András Horváth (3)
- Aravind Hariharan Raman (3)
- Axel J. Knicker (3)
- Azhar Achmet Zhubanova (3)
- Azhar Zhubanova (3)
- B. Bergmann (3)
- Catharina Conzen (3)
- Christian Grimm (3)
- Christine Hauser (3)
- D. Arora (3)
- David Hercik (3)
- Dinara K. Sherelkhan (3)
- Dirk Plettemeier (3)
- Duc-Khoi Vu (3)
- Elena Monti (3)
- Evgeniy Rogachev (3)
- Franz Lura (3)
- G. E. Stavroulakis (3)
- Gero Francke (3)
- Hans-Joachim Blome (3)
- Horst W. Loeb (3)
- I. Carnelli (3)
- I. N. Koshitz (3)
- I.S. Savitskaya (3)
- Jan Niklas Lüke (3)
- Jan-Gerd Meß (3)
- Janice Waldvogel (3)
- Jens Bojsen-Møller (3)
- Jill A. Mikucki (3)
- Joern Rittweger (3)
- K. Nishikawa (3)
- K.T. Tastambek (3)
- Kathrin Freyler (3)
- Kiros Karamanidis (3)
- Lars N. Heinke (3)
- Leonel Rios-Reyes (3)
- M. Vasile (3)
- Manfred Leipold (3)
- Marco Narici (3)
- Marek Behr (3)
- Marianne Görlich (3)
- Marion Ortner (3)
- Martin Scaal (3)
- Michael Heitzer (3)
- Michael Helm (3)
- Miriam Weiss (3)
- Mohammed S. Razzaque (3)
- N.Sh. Akimbekov (3)
- Natalia Pogorelova (3)
- Neil J. Cronin (3)
- Nuraly Shardarbekovich Akimbekov (3)
- Olivier R. Seynnes (3)
- Olivier Seynnes (3)
- R. H. Tolba (3)
- R. Tolba (3)
- Ralf Anding (3)
- Ralf Christian Boden (3)
- Ramona Ritzmann (3)
- Ron Noomen (3)
- Ruedeger Reinhard (3)
- Seid-Fatima Seidova (3)
- Sonja Stoelzle-Feix (3)
- Stefan Birgel (3)
- Thivaharan Albin (3)
- Till Creutz (3)
- Tobias Unruh (3)
- U. Steinseifer (3)
- Ulrich Steinseifer (3)
- Vladimir Arinkin (3)
- Volodymyr Baturkin (3)
- Wayne Smith (3)
- Wolfram F. Neiss (3)
- Yves Rogez (3)
- Z. A. Mansurov (3)
- Zulkhair A. Mansurov (3)
- A. Herique (2)
- A. S. Kistaubayeva (2)
- A. Yeshibaev (2)
- A. Zhubanova (2)
- Aaron Koch (2)
- Adam Hibberd (2)
- Aida Kistaubaeva (2)
- Aida S. Kistaubayeva (2)
- Alain Herique (2)
- Alessandro A. Quatra (2)
- Aletta E. Schutte (2)
- Alexander Abel (2)
- Alexander Hapfelmeier (2)
- Alexander Kopp (2)
- Alexander Pogrebnjak (2)
- Andreas Kriechbaumer (2)
- Andreas M. Hein (2)
- Axel Schmutz (2)
- B. Oedekoven (2)
- Bergita Ganse (2)
- Björn Braunstein (2)
- Britt Schoenrock (2)
- C. Becker (2)
- C. Preiß (2)
- Carsten Wiedemann (2)
- Cecilia Gelfi (2)
- Claudia Muggenthaler (2)
- Claudio Franceschi (2)
- D. H. Shokatayeva (2)
- D. Hercik (2)
- Dan Fries (2)
- Daniel Erni (2)
- Daniel J. Scheeres (2)
- David Kuerten (2)
- Dieter Blottner (2)
- Dina Shokatayeva (2)
- Dirk Heinen (2)
- Dirk Plettenmeier (2)
- Eduard Buess (2)
- Elena Dragicevic (2)
- Emanuela Longa (2)
- Eva Trenz (2)
- F. N. Makarov (2)
- F. Turquier (2)
- Flutura Hima (2)
- Frank Sohl (2)
- Frank Wappler (2)
- Frederic Schoutetens (2)
- G. Zaccai (2)
- Galina Balakirski (2)
- Georgios Eleftherios Stavroulakis (2)
- Gregory P. Garbe (2)
- Guido Laps (2)
- Gulzhamal Abdieva (2)
- Gözde Dursun (2)
- Gøran Paulsen (2)
- H. Dittus (2)
- H. Fichtner (2)
- H. Lang (2)
- Hakan Oflaz (2)
- Halil Resmi (2)
- Hans-Christian Gunga (2)
- Hans-Christoph Pape (2)
- Hermann G. Matthies (2)
- Horst Wolfgang Loeb (2)
- Hugo W. Huisman (2)
- Irene Di Giulio (2)
- J. Nam (2)
- J. Trzewik (2)
- Jan Spillner (2)
- Jan-Peter Koch (2)
- Janine Diehl-Schmid (2)
- Jean Schneider (2)
- Jean-Pierre de Vera (2)
- Jerome Defosse (2)
- Joe Zaccai (2)
- Jonas Zingsheim (2)
- Joris Kleinschmidt (2)
- Joshua Meskemper (2)
- Julia Nacov (2)
- K. Wirtz (2)
- Kai Borchers (2)
- Kai Heinrich (2)
- Karla Eberhardt (2)
- Karya Uysal (2)
- Katharina Mayer (2)
- Kathleen A. Welch (2)
- Katya N. Mileva (2)
- Khoi Duc Vu (2)
- Kuanysh T. Tastambek (2)
- L. Richter (2)
- Laura Pirovano (2)
- Leandi Lammertyn (2)
- Les Johnson (2)
- Lorenza Brocca (2)
- Ludmila Ignatova (2)
- Lukas Streese (2)
- Lutz Richter (2)
- M. Crookshank (2)
- M. Halle (2)
- M. Hormes (2)
- M. Leipold (2)
- M. Nicolai (2)
- M. Turaliyeva (2)
- Manasvi Lingam (2)
- Manfred Biselli (2)
- Manh Khuyen Truong (2)
- Manuela Moriggi (2)
- Marcus Hormes (2)
- Maria Hastermann (2)
- Mark Melnykowycz (2)
- Mark Schieren (2)
- Markus Czupalla (2)
- Martin Flück (2)
- Martin Gosau (2)
- Martin Wiesmann (2)
- Massimiliano Vasile (2)
- Matthias Fuest (2)
- Medisa Jabbari (2)
- Merel Vergaaij (2)
- Michael Lange (2)
- Michele Salanova (2)
- Mike Nicolai (2)
- Miriam Capri (2)
- Mohammad Ali (2)
- Murat Topçu (2)
- N. Akimbekov (2)
- N. S. Akimbekov (2)
- N. Sh. Akimbekov (2)
- Ngoc Tien Dao (2)
- Nicolai Heinze (2)
- Nicole Teusch (2)
- Niels Fertig (2)
- Niklas Plange (2)
- Nikolaos Perakis (2)
- Nthai E. Ramoshaba (2)
- O. Coronado (2)
- O. Grottke (2)
- O. V. Svetlowa (2)
- P. Wurm (2)
- P.S. Ualyeva (2)
- Paolo Cerretelli (2)
- Peng Shang (2)
- Peng-Fei Yang (2)
- Perizat Ualieva (2)
- Peter Walter (2)
- Philipp Lohmann (2)
- Pierre Kervella (2)
- R. Falk (2)
- Renate Hausinger (2)
- Rico Rutkowski (2)
- Robert Kennedy (2)
- Roberto Bottinelli (2)
- Roger Förstner (2)
- Ruksan Cehreli (2)
- Ruth Kirschner-Hermanns (2)
- Ruth Tabaza (2)
- S. Tulaczyk (2)
- Sandra Fuest (2)
- Sandra Kammerlohr (2)
- Seitkhan Azat (2)
- Severin Ruoss (2)
- Simon Burg (2)
- Sirina Zhantlessova (2)
- Slawek Tulaczyk (2)
- Sonja Schwarz (2)
- Steffen Willwacher (2)
- Suditi Chand (2)
- Susan A. Welch (2)
- Susanne Angermann (2)
- Svetlana Bauer (2)
- Swati Mandekar (2)
- T. Marshall Eubanks (2)
- T. Steffen (2)
- Thomas Schmitz-Rode (2)
- Thuy Ha Dinh (2)
- Timmo Koy (2)
- Tina Foitschik (2)
- Torsten Loop (2)
- Tu Luc Trinh (2)
- U. Klinge (2)
- Ulrich R. M. E. Geppert (2)
- Ulrich Thomas (2)
- Ute Lindauer (2)
- Uwe Klinge (2)
- V. Novacek (2)
- Valentin Neuhaus (2)
- Valentin Rausch (2)
- Van Tan Giap (2)
- Victoria L. Coverstone (2)
- W. Berry Lyons (2)
- W. Leimena (2)
- Wojciech Kowalczyk (2)
- Yvan Fournier (2)
- Z. Mansurov (2)
- Z.A. Mansurov (2)
- Auweter-Kurtz (1)
- A. M. Stadler (1)
- A. Arampatzis (1)
- A. Arndt (1)
- A. Atanasyan (1)
- A. Bocahut (1)
- A. Demircian (1)
- A. Eshibaev (1)
- A. Figiel-Lange (1)
- A. Hoellig (1)
- A. Ia. Mogilevskiĭ (1)
- A. Kharoubi (1)
- A. Kistaubaeva (1)
- A. Koshkaryev (1)
- A. Levers (1)
- A. M. Miesse (1)
- A. P. Panchekha (1)
- A. Peloni (1)
- A. Prescher (1)
- A. Pressler (1)
- A. R. Kerimkulova (1)
- A. Robitzki (1)
- A. Rothermel (1)
- A. S. Kistaubaeva (1)
- A. Saparbekova (1)
- A. Schmidt-Trucksäß (1)
- A. Scholz (1)
- A. Schultz von Dratzig (1)
- A. Sydykova (1)
- A. Szumski (1)
- A. Uspabayeva (1)
- A. V. Shilo (1)
- A. V. Sourjikov (1)
- A. Zhylysbayeva (1)
- A.S. Kistaubayeva (1)
- Aaron D Koch (1)
- Aaron D. Koch (1)
- Aaron Dexter Koch (1)
- Abdieva G. Zhanadilovna (1)
- Abdurrahman Comlekci (1)
- Abigail Holland (1)
- Adel K. Marat (1)
- Afzalunnessa B. Lutfor (1)
- Aida S. Kistaubaeva (1)
- Aizhan Talipova (1)
- Alain Hérique (1)
- Alan Hilgers (1)
- Albert Rübben (1)
- Alberto E. Minetti (1)
- Alessandrao A. Quarta (1)
- Alessandro A Quarta (1)
- Alessandro A. Quarta (1)
- Alessandro Quarta (1)
- Alessia Vignoli (1)
- Alexander Ciritsis (1)
- Alexander Maximilian Stadler (1)
- Alexander Süss (1)
- Alexandra Loesch (1)
- Alexey V. Dashevsky (1)
- Alfred Hager (1)
- Ali Kashefi (1)
- Ali Pookhalil (1)
- Ali Saklamaz (1)
- Alireza Rahimi (1)
- Almagul Kushugulova (1)
- Almagul R. Kerimkulova (1)
- Amanzhol Turlybekuly (1)
- Anabel Martin-Gonzalez (1)
- Anders Henningsen (1)
- Andre Schieffer (1)
- Andrea Bruggemann (1)
- Andrea Ribeiro (1)
- Andreas Borggrafe (1)
- Andreas Borggräfe (1)
- Andreas Elsaesser (1)
- Andreas G. Boehm (1)
- Andreas Gierse (1)
- Andreas Harbrecht (1)
- Andreas Läufer (1)
- Andreas Maximilian Stadtler (1)
- Andreas Meyer (1)
- Andreas Peper (1)
- Andreas Prescher (1)
- Andreas Rittweger (1)
- Andreas Schröder (1)
- Andrew J. Ball (1)
- Andrey Bogoyavlenskiy (1)
- Andy Braukhane (1)
- Angela Niedermeyer (1)
- Angi Eibl (1)
- Anja Lena Thiebes (1)
- Anke Höllig (1)
- Anna A. Kiseleva (1)
- Anna Conradi (1)
- Anna Droszez (1)
- Anna Wöhnl (1)
- Anna-Maria Liphardt (1)
- Anne Benninghaus (1)
- Anne Bruecken (1)
- Anne K. Virkki (1)
- Annemarie Wentzel (1)
- Annika Schmitz (1)
- Ansgar Heidecker (1)
- Anthony Lutton (1)
- Antonio Martelo Gomez (1)
- Arjana Davidescu (1)
- Arne Deiseroth (1)
- Arno Trucksaess (1)
- Arun Jayaraman (1)
- Askild V. Larsen (1)
- Aurelia Santoro (1)
- Axel Pressler (1)
- Aydin Ghaderi (1)
- Azhar Ahmetovna Zhubanova (1)
- B. Eissfeller (1)
- B. H. Shaimardanova (1)
- B. Heber (1)
- B. M. Doorschodt (1)
- B. M. Kayatekin (1)
- B. Philippen (1)
- B. van Wulfen (1)
- Bei Zhou (1)
- Ben Diedrich (1)
- Benjamin Diedrich (1)
- Benjamin Dietrich (1)
- Benjamin Staeudle (1)
- Berhard Haller (1)
- Bernard Ciritsis (1)
- Bernd Häusler (1)
- Bernd Markert (1)
- Bernhard Ciritsis (1)
- Bernhard D. Ciritsis (1)
- Bernhard Haller (1)
- Bong Wi (1)
- Brendan Burkett (1)
- Brigitte Müller (1)
- Bruno Mücke (1)
- C. Cavdar (1)
- C. Conzen (1)
- C. Durand (1)
- C. Espe (1)
- C. F. Martinez (1)
- C. Maggakis-Kelemen (1)
- C. Maña (1)
- C. McGrath (1)
- C. O´Heras (1)
- C. O’Heras (1)
- C. Senatore (1)
- C. Sickinger (1)
- C. Thomé (1)
- C. Wallang (1)
- C. Wiebusch (1)
- C. Zetzsche (1)
- C. [u.a.] Mittermayer (1)
- Canan Coker (1)
- Candan Ozogul (1)
- Cansu Aydin (1)
- Carlien E. Myburgh (1)
- Carlo Reggiani (1)
- Carlos O'Heras (1)
- Carlos O\'Heras (1)
- Carolin Meyer (1)
- Cecile Engrand (1)
- Chaitanya Krishna Mummidisetty (1)
- Chandrasekaran Jayaraman (1)
- Charles Moulinec (1)
- Charlotte Anabell May (1)
- Charlotte Zäske (1)
- Chengrui Pan (1)
- Chris Lohmann (1)
- Chris Patrick Lohmann (1)
- Christel Weiß (1)
- Christian Blume (1)
- Christian Circi (1)
- Christian G. Cornelissen (1)
- Christian Ries (1)
- Christian Sorg (1)
- Christian Waluga (1)
- Christiane K. Kuhl (1)
- Christianne Vant (1)
- Christina Scholz (1)
- Christoph Baltschun (1)
- Christoph Bourauel (1)
- Christoph Dalitz (1)
- Christoph Waldmann (1)
- Christopher B. Gardener (1)
- Christopher J. Garvey (1)
- Claudio Flores Martinez (1)
- Claudio Luchinat (1)
- Colin R McInnes (1)
- Cristina Fabbri (1)
- Cristina Morsiani (1)
- D. Blandfort (1)
- D. Chenchik (1)
- D. Eliseev (1)
- D. Ewerhart (1)
- D. G. Bronson (1)
- D. Heinen (1)
- D. K. Kaul (1)
- D. K. Vu (1)
- D. Keller (1)
- D. Lorang (1)
- D. Schehl (1)
- D. Uglietti (1)
- Daniel Hänggi (1)
- Daniel J. Scheerers (1)
- Daniel L. Belavy (1)
- Daniel Malinowski (1)
- Daniel Perez-Viana (1)
- Daniel Pérez-Viana (1)
- Daniel Sollinger (1)
- Daniela Billi (1)
- Daniele Colombo (1)
- Daniele Romagnoli (1)
- Danita Muanghong (1)
- Dario Cazzola (1)
- Darius A. Gerlach (1)
- Dariya B. Jussupova (1)
- David Kürten (1)
- David Martin (1)
- David Stadler (1)
- Denis G. Lapitan (1)
- Denis Infanger (1)
- Denis Keller (1)
- Diana Sitnikova (1)
- Didier Massonett (1)
- Dirk W. Grijpma (1)
- Dirk Wagner (1)
- Dmitrii A. Rogatkin (1)
- Dmitry Nardin (1)
- Doina Gherghel (1)
- Dominik Bonin (1)
- Dominik Steubl (1)
- Dominique Jonas Daab (1)
- E. Borrmann (1)
- E. Gill (1)
- E. Pettit (1)
- E. Tiede (1)
- Eckhard Schönau (1)
- Ekkehard Kührt (1)
- Elena Bellavista (1)
- Elena N. Iomdina (1)
- Enrico Giampieri (1)
- Erasmia Giannakou (1)
- Erin C. Pettit (1)
- Etienne Michael Schönbach (1)
- Eva B. Voronkova (1)
- Eva-Maria Geenen (1)
- Eylem Kurulgan demirci (1)
- F. Burger (1)
- F. Natali (1)
- F. Scholz (1)
- F. Schubert (1)
- F. von Rundstedt (1)
- Falko Langenhorst (1)
- Farina Muris (1)
- Felix Stelter (1)
- Flaviane c. F. Venditti (1)
- Fouad Azar (1)
- Frances Westall (1)
- Frank Postberg (1)
- Franz Demmel (1)
- Frauke Foerger (1)
- Frederico Cordero (1)
- Frédéric Foucher (1)
- G. Ameres (1)
- G. Barshtein (1)
- G. Büldt (1)
- G. Dosybayeva (1)
- G. Elibayeva (1)
- G. Francke (1)
- G. Hertel (1)
- G. J. Garvey (1)
- G. J. Schneider (1)
- G. Jakse (1)
- G. Karakulah (1)
- G. Keck (1)
- G. M. Brügge (1)
- G. Mengali (1)
- G.A. Schubert (1)
- Gamal Baroud (1)
- Gaspare Pavei (1)
- Gavin W. Lambert (1)
- Geert W. Schmid-Schönbein (1)
- Georg Gdalewitsch (1)
- Georg H. Möller (1)
- Georg Lorenz (1)
- George G. Savii (1)
- Gerd-Peter Brüggemann (1)
- Gerda Wurpts (1)
- Gerhard Dikta (1)
- Gerhard Garhofer (1)
- Gerhard Wahl (1)
- Gert-Peter Bruggemann (1)
- Gert-Peter brüggemann (1)
- Ghassem Amoabediny (1)
- Giuseppe Zaccai (1)
- Gopal S. P. Madabhushi (1)
- Gopal S.P. Madabhushi (1)
- Gopal Santana Phani Madabhushi (1)
- Gregory Garbe (1)
- Grundmann Jan Thimo (1)
- Gulzhan K. Kaiyrmanova (1)
- Gül Güner (1)
- H. Clusmann (1)
- H. G. Matthies (1)
- H. Gast (1)
- H. Hanssen (1)
- H. Niedermeier (1)
- H. Reiners (1)
- H. Resmi (1)
- H. Scheidt (1)
- H. W Loeb (1)
- H. W. Loeb (1)
- Hackl Michael (1)
- Hadi Tabesh (1)
- Hale Akpinar (1)
- Hanna Malyaran (1)
- Hans Christian Stubbe (1)
- Hans F. Merk (1)
- Hans Krüger (1)
- Hans Meusemann (1)
- Hans-Jakob Steiger (1)
- Hans-Peter Simmen (1)
- Harald Kaemmerer (1)
- Haritha Meruvu (1)
- Hartmut Korsitzky (1)
- Heinz Peter Janke (1)
- Hendrik Hanff (1)
- Hendrik S. Steyn (1)
- Henna Schulze-Steinen (1)
- Henner Hansser (1)
- Henry Strasdeit (1)
- Herrmann Boehnhardt (1)
- Horst Löb (1)
- Hugo Hellard (1)
- Hussam Aldin Hamou (1)
- Hélène Kergoat (1)
- Hülya Akhunlar (1)
- I. Bremer (1)
- I. Emslander (1)
- I. Heschel (1)
- I. Lanzl (1)
- I. S. Savistkaya (1)
- I. S. Savitskaya (1)
- I. Savistkaya (1)
- I.S. Savitkaya (1)
- I.V. Moskalenko (1)
- Ian Carnelli (1)
- Ich Thinh Tran (1)
- Inci Cansu Aydin (1)
- Inna Kern (1)
- Ipek Seda Firat (1)
- Ipek Seda Fırat (1)
- Ipek Serat Firat (1)
- Irina S. Savitskaja (1)
- Isgard S. Hueck (1)
- Istabrak Hasan (1)
- J. Andermahr (1)
- J. Berdugo (1)
- J. Bojsen-Moller (1)
- J. Borggrefe (1)
- J. C. Juang (1)
- J. Clemens (1)
- J. Duprat (1)
- J. J. Miau (1)
- J. Jandosov (1)
- J. M. Jandosov (1)
- J. Mikucki (1)
- J. O. Grosse (1)
- J. Weis (1)
- J. Whiffen (1)
- J. Wu (1)
- J. Zhou-Stache (1)
- J. Zimmermann (1)
- J.A. Mikucki (1)
- J.Z. Wu (1)
- Jaap H. van Dieen (1)
- Jakpar Jandosov (1)
- James Cowburn (1)
- Jan Hunker (1)
- Jan Niklas Lueke (1)
- Jan Peter Embs (1)
- Jan-Jöran Gehrt (1)
- Jan-Thimo Grundmann (1)
- Jaume M. Canaves (1)
- Javier Carbajo-Lozoya (1)
- Jean-Pierre Bibring (1)
- Jeffrey Hendrikse (1)
- Jens Göttler (1)
- Jens Lutz (1)
- Jens M. Baron (1)
- Jens Malte Baron (1)
- Jens Mojsen-Moeller (1)
- Jessica R. Gierkowski (1)
- Jessica Ricarda Gierkowski (1)
- Jianbo Li (1)
- Jill Mikucki (1)
- Joachim O. Grosse (1)
- Joana Hessel (1)
- Jochen Zange (1)
- Joern Streppel (1)
- Johann Plange (1)
- Johanna C. Clauser (1)
- Johanna Negele (1)
- Johannes Scherr (1)
- John V. Lovasik (1)
- Jonas Böcker (1)
- Jonas Zacher (1)
- Jorge Rios-Martinez (1)
- Josef Priller (1)
- Juan Grundwald (1)
- Jule Heieis (1)
- Julia Falkenstein (1)
- Julia Matschkal (1)
- Jörn Spurmann (1)
- K. A. Welch (1)
- K. Helbing (1)
- K. Lakhanova (1)
- K. Lübelsmeyer (1)
- K. Sartayeva (1)
- K. Schill (1)
- K. Schüller (1)
- K. T. Tastambek (1)
- K. Voigt (1)
- K. Wegmann (1)
- K. Wendt (1)
- K.-H. Schartner (1)
- K.-U. Schröder (1)
- Kai Lutz (1)
- Karen Olsson-Francis (1)
- Karolin J. Pauly (1)
- Katharina Besch (1)
- Katharina Blume (1)
- Katharina Schlemmer (1)
- Katharina Seyfried (1)
- Katharine Rossiter (1)
- Kathrin Schopen (1)
- Katja N. Mileva (1)
- Katrin Esefeld (1)
- Kerstin van Gaalen (1)
- Kheng Lim Goh (1)
- Khosrow Mottaghy (1)
- Klau Josef Burkhart (1)
- Klaus Burckhardt (1)
- Klaus Burkhardt (1)
- Konrad Hille (1)
- Konstantin Gugleta (1)
- Konstantin Voigt (1)
- Konstantinos Konstantinidis (1)
- Kristina Adorjan (1)
- Kuanysh Tastambek (1)
- L. A. Zamuraev (1)
- L. Akynova (1)
- L. F. Sukhodub (1)
- L. Gizon (1)
- L. Herbeck (1)
- L. P. Müller (1)
- L. Rapp (1)
- L. Spies (1)
- L.V. Ignatova (1)
- Lambert van Eijck (1)
- Lan Kluwe (1)
- Lars Donath (1)
- Lars Kesseler (1)
- Lars-P. Müller (1)
- Laura A. German (1)
- Laura Borella (1)
- Laura Burns (1)
- Laura German (1)
- Laura K. Krings (1)
- Laura Schunck (1)
- Laurence Vico (1)
- Laurenz Schmitt (1)
- Lenhard Pennig (1)
- Leo Doerr (1)
- Leonardo Tenori (1)
- Leone Malan (1)
- Leonid Kodomskoi (1)
- Leopold Schmetterer (1)
- Lida Mademli (1)
- Lina Jentsch (1)
- Linda Tran (1)
- Lisa Lauts (1)
- Liudmyla B. Sukhodub (1)
- Livio Carzana (1)
- Ludger Keil (1)
- Lukas Gerber (1)
- Lukas de Honde (1)
- Lysan Pfützenreuter (1)
- M Bohner (1)
- M. Akhisaroglu (1)
- M. Ates (1)
- M. Bartsch (1)
- M. Baumann (1)
- M. Biisenbaev (1)
- M. Bork (1)
- M. C. J. M. Schreinemachers (1)
- M. Ceriotti (1)
- M. Cook (1)
- M. Duranti (1)
- M. Eiden (1)
- M. Feldmann (1)
- M. Friedrich (1)
- M. Fuest (1)
- M. G. Matthies (1)
- M. Gehler (1)
- M. Hackl (1)
- M. Hilchenbach (1)
- M. Krystek (1)
- M. Laumen (1)
- M. Mueller (1)
- M. Reiswich (1)
- M. Rüffer (1)
- M. Sadenova (1)
- M. Sakizli (1)
- M. Schluse (1)
- M. Schwartz (1)
- M. Seiz (1)
- M. Tehei (1)
- M. Topcu (1)
- M. Turalieva (1)
- M. Velli (1)
- M. Weis (1)
- M. Weiss (1)
- M. Wlochal (1)
- M. [u.a.] Shao (1)
- M.-C. Sora (1)
- M.A. Brockmann (1)
- Maciej Lech (1)
- Madina Alexyuk (1)
- Makhmut Biisenbaev (1)
- Malcolm MacDonald (1)
- Malcolm McDonald (1)
- Mandana Hossein Zadeh Attar (1)
- Manghao Zhen (1)
- Manuel A. Reddemann (1)
- Marc Hildebrandt (1)
- Marc Leßmann (1)
- Marc S. Boxberg (1)
- Marcel A. Kamp (1)
- Marco Laumen (1)
- Marco Sagliano (1)
- Marco Straubel (1)
- Marco V. Narici (1)
- Marco Vincenzo Narici (1)
- Marcus Gerressen (1)
- Marcus Hallmann (1)
- Mareike Morat (1)
- Mareike Weber (1)
- Marek Mikielewicz (1)
- Maria Conte (1)
- Maria J. Stokes (1)
- Maria Moreno Catala (1)
- Maria Stokes (1)
- Marius Köpf (1)
- Mark Görög (1)
- Mark Hamer (1)
- Mark Schoberer (1)
- Markus P. Schlaich (1)
- Markus Probst (1)
- Markus Schlotterer (1)
- Markus Valter (1)
- Martin B. Warner (1)
- Martin E. Zander (1)
- Martin Hildinger (1)
- Martin Hillebrandt (1)
- Martin Laabs (1)
- Martin Magnusson (1)
- Martin Reiswich (1)
- Martin Rudolph (1)
- Martin Sippel (1)
- Martin Warner (1)
- Martin Zander (1)
- Matteo Cerotti (1)
- Matthias Beckler (1)
- Matthias C. Braunisch (1)
- Matthias Epple (1)
- Matthias Grossmann (1)
- Matthias Klopfer (1)
- Max J. Scheyerer (1)
- Max Kuhlen (1)
- Max Zinser (1)
- Maxilian von Eynatten (1)
- Maximilian Lenz (1)
- Maximilian von Eynatten (1)
- Maxine Dibué-Adjei (1)
- Meral Sakizli (1)
- Michael E. Price (1)
- Michael Frick (1)
- Michael Jetzschmann (1)
- Michael Marek Koza (1)
- Michael Veldeman (1)
- Michael Wahle (1)
- Michael Weiss (1)
- Michael Wolf (1)
- Michaela Moser (1)
- Mickael Baque (1)
- Mike Barbeck (1)
- Mirko Magliani (1)
- Moldir A. Turaliyeva (1)
- Momin Sami Mohammad Alnemer (1)
- Monica Canepari (1)
- Morena Martucci (1)
- Moritz K. Brockhaus (1)
- Moritz Thielen (1)
- Muammer B. Kayatekin (1)
- Murat Topcu (1)
- Muriel Hollstein (1)
- N. Gronloh (1)
- N. H. Nguyen (1)
- N. J. Cronin (1)
- N. Lüsing (1)
- N. T. Tran (1)
- N. Uysal (1)
- N.-H. Nguyen (1)
- Nadine Becker (1)
- Nadja Kröger (1)
- Nassir Navab (1)
- Natalia Kozyrovska (1)
- Nathania Suryoputri (1)
- Nazym P. Altynbay (1)
- Nebojsa Jovanovic (1)
- Neil J Cronin (1)
- Nhu Hunyh Nguyen (1)
- Niccolò De Cesare (1)
- Nickos Aggeloussis (1)
- Nico T. Malan (1)
- Nicola A. Maffiuletti (1)
- Nicole Föckler (1)
- Nicole Kasischke (1)
- Nils Andreas Kraemer (1)
- Nolan Herssens (1)
- Norbert Kömle (1)
- Nuraly Sh. Akimbekov (1)
- O. Pack (1)
- O. R. Seynnes (1)
- Octavian Ciobanu (1)
- Oguz K. Baskurt (1)
- Oleksandr V. Bondar (1)
- Olfa D'Angelo (1)
- Oliver Faude (1)
- Oliver Funke (1)
- Oliver Grottke (1)
- Oliver Schneider (1)
- Olivier R Seynnes (1)
- Osama Seyam (1)
- Osman Yilmaz (1)
- Ozgul Sagol (1)
- Ozlem Yalcin (1)
- P. C. Liewer (1)
- P. Dykta (1)
- P. Groepper (1)
- P. Keschenau (1)
- P. Mertsch (1)
- P. von Doetinchem (1)
- P.S. Marrocchesi (1)
- Paolo Crosetto (1)
- Pascal Bowitz (1)
- Patricia Hacker (1)
- Patrick Arndt (1)
- Patrick Wurm (1)
- Paul Dykta (1)
- Paul E. Muckelt (1)
- Paul Muckelt (1)
- Pavel Alexyuk (1)
- Perizat S. Ualieva (1)
- Peter I. Lelkes (1)
- Peter Jeppesen (1)
- Peter Schülke (1)
- Petr V. Luzhnov (1)
- Petra Frings-Meuthen (1)
- Petra Rettberg (1)
- Philip Lazarovici (1)
- Piero Pavan (1)
- Pieter-Paul A. Vergroesen (1)
- Quanqui Li (1)
- R. Abildayeva (1)
- R. Bassam (1)
- R. Benkowski (1)
- R. Buettner (1)
- R. Campen (1)
- R. Chojetzki (1)
- R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber (1)
- R. Forstner (1)
- R. Hoffmann (1)
- R. Kurz (1)
- R. Lehmann (1)
- R. Rossaint (1)
- R. Sadykov (1)
- Radermacher Chloé (1)
- Rafael I. Barraquer (1)
- Rahel Meier (1)
- Ralf Moeller (1)
- Ralf Schmeets (1)
- Ralf Smeets (1)
- Ralph D. Lorenz (1)
- Ralph Michael (1)
- Raluca E. Sofronia (1)
- Raoul-Roman Kühn (1)
- Raphael Lehmann (1)
- Rasha ElBashir (1)
- Rashid Amin (1)
- Regina Pohle-Fröhlich (1)
- Reinhard E. Friedrich (1)
- Robert MacGregor (1)
- Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo (1)
- Roel Hubert Louis Haeren (1)
- Roelof D. van Wyk (1)
- Roger van Riet (1)
- Rogerio Bastos Craveiro (1)
- Roland von Känel (1)
- Rolf Rossaint (1)
- Roman Ya Kezerashvili (1)
- Ronald Knox (1)
- Rosa de la Torre (1)
- Rudolf Schilling (1)
- Rudolf Vetter (1)
- Rustam Sadykov (1)
- S. Arlt (1)
- S. Azat (1)
- S. Caliskan (1)
- S. D. Parkhomov (1)
- S. Elgeti (1)
- S. Engels (1)
- S. Florquin (1)
- S. G. Turyshev (1)
- S. Hiecker (1)
- S. Jockenhövel (1)
- S. K. Aknazarov (1)
- S. K. Solanki (1)
- S. Lascar (1)
- S. M. Bauer (1)
- S. M. Tazhibayeva (1)
- S. Macht (1)
- S. Ober-Blöbaum (1)
- S. P. Magnusson (1)
- S. Sacquin-Mora (1)
- S. Schael (1)
- S. Stock (1)
- S. Tazhibayeva (1)
- S. V. Jansen (1)
- S. Yedgar (1)
- S. Zierke (1)
- S.P. Wakely (1)
- Sabine Arlt-Körfer (1)
- Sabine Koch (1)
- Sabine Macht (1)
- Sabine Neuss (1)
- Salvador Jiminez German (1)
- Sandi Kaur (1)
- Sarah Klein (1)
- Sarah Peglow (1)
- Sarah Schöngarth (1)
- Sebastian Fexer (1)
- Sebastian Jansen (1)
- Sebastian Kalverkamp (1)
- Sebastian Krohn (1)
- Sebastian Ludyga (1)
- Sebastian Meckel (1)
- Sebastian Rible (1)
- Sebastian Ullrich (1)
- Sebastian V. Jansen (1)
- Sebastian Zeller (1)
- Sefa Kizildag (1)
- Selim Orgul (1)
- Serap C. Micili (1)
- Serdan Alpdogan (1)
- Serdar Alpdogan (1)
- Sergazy Adekenov (1)
- Sergej Sjapic (1)
- Sergey Bulat (1)
- Sergey V. Plotnikov (1)
- Sezer Caliskan (1)
- Shah Eiman Amzar Shah Apandi (1)
- Shenan Hoppe-Ludwig (1)
- Silke Moll-Slodowy (1)
- Silvano Onofri (1)
- Silvio Schröder (1)
- Slah Drira (1)
- Slava G. Turyshev (1)
- Slawek M. Tulaczyk (1)
- Sonny Kian Tan (1)
- Stanislas Werfel (1)
- Stefan Krämer (1)
- Stefan Sommer (1)
- Stefani Röseler (1)
- Stefanie Bierbaum (1)
- Stefanie Gürzing (1)
- Stefanie Heinke (1)
- Stefanie Sielemann (1)
- Stefano Mottola (1)
- Stefano Salvioli (1)
- Steffi Colyer (1)
- Stephan Kemmner (1)
- Stephan Siegfried Jahnke (1)
- Stephan Theil (1)
- Stephan Uschok (1)
- Stephanie Kahmann (1)
- Stephen Mellon (1)
- Steve Barry (1)
- Susanna Miettinen (1)
- Suvi P. Haimi (1)
- Svetlana Chernigova (1)
- Svetlana M. Bauer (1)
- Sydulla K. Persheyev (1)
- T. Appourchaux (1)
- T. Braunschweig (1)
- T. Bretz (1)
- T. Finni (1)
- T. Graef (1)
- T. Kaufmann (1)
- T. Kirn (1)
- T. Leschinger (1)
- T. Linde (1)
- T. Nickel (1)
- T. Niederstadt (1)
- T. Reineking (1)
- T. Schervan (1)
- T. Schmitz-Rode (1)
- T. Schuster (1)
- T. Sekii (1)
- T. Weber (1)
- Taher Al Hakim (1)
- Tanja D. Schmidt (1)
- Tarek Assali (1)
- Tatiana V. Kozlova (1)
- Tatsuaki Okada (1)
- Thanh Ngoc Nguyen (1)
- Thomas C. Knott (1)
- Thomas Fenten (1)
- Thomas Finocchiaro (1)
- Thomas M. Deserno (1)
- Thomas Pufe (1)
- Thomas Schmitz- Rode (1)
- Thomas Skoczylas (1)
- Thomas Voigtmann (1)
- Thorsten Orlikowsky (1)
- Tim Kaufmann (1)
- Timon Kuchler (1)
- Tjalf Ziemssen (1)
- Tobias Hahnen (1)
- Tobias Philip Schmidt (1)
- Tobias Wagner (1)
- Toke Bek (1)
- Torsten Kuhlen (1)
- Torsten W. Kuhlen (1)
- U. Bestmann (1)
- U. Epple (1)
- U. Naumann (1)
- Ulf Bestmann (1)
- Ulrich Broj (1)
- Ute Böttger (1)
- Uwe Mittag (1)
- V. A. Stegaev (1)
- V. Baltzopoulos (1)
- V. Drexel (1)
- V. Wehlitz (1)
- Veronika Kesseler (1)
- Victoria Coverstone (1)
- Vladimir Berezin (1)
- Volha Sjapic (1)
- Volker Bothmer (1)
- Volker Herrmann (1)
- W. Albanna (1)
- W. Finsterle (1)
- W. Karpinski (1)
- W. Lämmerzahl (1)
- W. Vilser (1)
- W.B. Lyons (1)
- Waldemar Zylka (1)
- Waldmann Christoph (1)
- Walter van Laack (1)
- Walthatd Vilser (1)
- Werner Haugner (1)
- Wilfried Ley (1)
- Wilhelm Bloch (1)
- Wlademar Bauer (1)
- Wolfgang Ritzdorf (1)
- Xiaohui Qiao (1)
- Y. Yenicerioglu (1)
- Yannik Blum (1)
- Yasin Temel (1)
- Yergali Moldakhanov (1)
- Yuen Law (1)
- Yunpei Liang (1)
- Yuriy Sinyavsky (1)
- Yuya Mimasu (1)
- Yvonne Nix (1)
- Z. K. Shaimardanov (1)
- Z. Sercan (1)
- Z. Sisic (1)
- Zenonas Block (1)
- Zh. E. Aimenova (1)
- Zhusipova D. Abaihanovna (1)
- Zubeyde Erbayraktar (1)
- de Vera Jean-Pierre P. (1)
- А. А. Eshibaev (1)
Year of publication
Document Type
- Article (402)
- Conference Proceeding (145)
- Part of a Book (34)
- Book (7)
- Doctoral Thesis (3)
- Other (3)
- Lecture (2)
- Patent (1)
- Talk (1)
Language
- English (598) (remove)
Keywords
- Finite-Elemente-Methode (7)
- Limit analysis (6)
- Clusterion (5)
- Shakedown analysis (5)
- solar sail (5)
- Air purification (4)
- Einspielen <Werkstoff> (4)
- Hämoglobin (4)
- Lipopolysaccharide (4)
- Luftreiniger (4)
- Plasmacluster ion technology (4)
- Raumluft (4)
- Sonde (4)
- CellDrum (3)
- Eisschicht (3)
- GOSSAMER-1 (3)
- Kohlenstofffaser (3)
- MASCOT (3)
- lipopolysaccharides (3)
- shakedown analysis (3)
Institute
- IfB - Institut für Bioengineering (598) (remove)
Solar sails provide ignificant advantages over other low-thrust propulsion systems because they produce thrust by the momentum exchange from solar radiation pressure (SRP) and thus do not consume any propellant.The force exerted on a very thin sail foil basically depends on the light incidence angle. Several analytical SRP force models that describe the SRP force acting on the sail have been established since the 1970s. All the widely used models use constant optical force coefficients of the reflecting sail material. In 2006,MENGALI et al. proposed a refined SRP force model that takes into account the dependancy of the force coefficients on the light incident angle,the sail’s distance from the sun (and thus the sail emperature) and the surface roughness of the sail material [1]. In this paper, the refined SRP force model is compared to the previous ones in order to identify the potential impact of the new model on the predicted capabilities of solar sails in performing low-cost interplanetary space missions. All force models have been implemented within InTrance, a global low-thrust trajectory optimization software utilizing evolutionary neurocontrol [2]. Two interplanetary rendezvous missions, to Mercury and the near-Earth asteroid 1996FG3, are investigated. Two solar sail performances in terms of characteristic acceleration are examined for both scenarios, 0.2 mm/s2 and 0.5 mm/s2, termed “low” and “medium” sail performance. In case of the refined SRP model, three different values of surface roughness are chosen, h = 0 nm, 10 nm and 25 nm. The results show that the refined SRP force model yields shorter transfer times than the standard model.
Solar sails are large and lightweight reflective structures that are propelled by solar radiation pressure. This chapter covers their orbital and attitude dynamics and control. First, the advantages and limitations of solar sails are discussed and their history and development status is outlined. Because the dynamics of solar sails is governed by the (thermo-)optical properties of the sail film, the basic solar radiation pressure force models have to be described and compared before parameters to measure solar sail performance can be defined. The next part covers the orbital dynamics of solar sails for heliocentric motion, planetocentric motion, and motion at Lagrangian equilibrium points. Afterwards, some advanced solar radiation pressure force models are described, which allow to quantify the thrust force on solar sails of arbitrary shape, the effects of temperature, of light incidence angle, of surface roughness, and the effects of optical degradation of the sail film in the space environment. The orbital motion of a solar sail is strongly coupled to its rotational motion, so that the attitude control of these soft and flexible structures is very challenging, especially for planetocentric orbits that require fast attitude maneuvers. Finally, some potential attitude control methods are sketched and selection criteria are given.
N. Sh. Akimbekov
; A. A. Zhubanova
; Z. A. Mansurov
; Ilya Digel
; Gerhard Artmann
; Aysegül Temiz Artmann
On the model of musculocutaneous wound in rats, the effect of applicative sorption by carbonized rise shell (CRS) on the healing of festering wound was studied. It has been shown, that cytological changes end with rapid scar formation. The use of CRS at the period of severe purulent wound contributes to its favorable course, prevents the development of complications of the animals from sepsis.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the reproducibility of fascicle length and pennation angle of gastrocnemius medialis while human walking. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the reproducibility of fascicle length and pennation angle of gastrocnemius medialis in vivo during human gait. Twelve males performed 10 gait trials on a treadmill, in 2 separate days. B-mode ultrasonography, with the ultrasound probe firmly adjusted in the transverse and frontal planes using a special cast, was used to measure the fascicle length and the pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM). A Vicon 624 system with three cameras operating at 120 Hz was also used to record the ankle and knee joint angles. The results showed that measurements of fascicle length and pennation angle showed high reproducibility during the gait cycle, both within the same day and between different days. Moreover, the root mean square differences between the repeated waveforms of both variables were very small, compared with their ranges (fascicle length: RMS = ∼3 mm, range: 38–63 mm; pennation angle: RMS = ∼1.5°, range: 22–32°). However, their reproducibility was lower compared to the joint angles. It was found that representative data have to be derived by a wide number of gait trials (fascicle length ∼six trials, pennation angle more than 10 trials), to assure the reliability of the fascicle length and pennation angle in human gait.
The purpose of the current study in combination with our previous published data (Arampatzis et al., 2007) was to examine the effects of a controlled modulation of strain magnitude and strain frequency applied to the Achilles tendon on the plasticity of tendon mechanical and morphological properties. Eleven male adults (23.9±2.2 yr) participated in the study. The participants exercised one leg at low magnitude tendon strain (2.97±0.47%), and the other leg at high tendon strain magnitude (4.72±1.08%) of similar frequency (0.5 Hz, 1 s loading, 1 s relaxation) and exercise volume (integral of the plantar flexion moment over time) for 14 weeks, 4 days per week, 5 sets per session. The exercise volume was similar to the intervention of our earlier study (0.17 Hz frequency; 3 s loading, 3 s relaxation) allowing a direct comparison of the results. Before and after the intervention ankle joint moment has been measured by a dynamometer, tendon–aponeurosis elongation by ultrasound and cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon by magnet resonance images (MRI). We found a decrease in strain at a given tendon force, an increase in tendon–aponeurosis stiffness and tendon elastic modulus of the Achilles tendon only in the leg exercised at high strain magnitude. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the Achilles tendon did not show any statistically significant (P>0.05) differences to the pre-exercise values in both legs. The results indicate a superior improvement in tendon properties (stiffness, elastic modulus and CSA) at the low frequency (0.17 Hz) compared to the high strain frequency (0.5 Hz) protocol. These findings provide evidence that the strain magnitude applied to the Achilles tendon should exceed the value, which occurs during habitual activities to trigger adaptational effects and that higher tendon strain duration per contraction leads to superior tendon adaptational responses.
A. A. Kozhalakova
; Azhar A. Zhubanova
; Z. A. Mansurov
; Ilya Digel
; S. M. Tazhibayeva
; Gerhard Artmann
; Aysegül Temiz Artmann
R. Kurz
; Peter Linder
; Jürgen Trzewik
; M. Rüffer
; Gerhard Artmann
; Ilya Digel
; A. Rothermel
; A. Robitzki
; Aysegül Temiz Artmann
The CellDrum technology (The term 'CellDrum technology' includes a couple of slightly different technological setups for measuring lateral mechanical tension in various types of cell monolayers or 3D-tissue constructs) was designed to quantify the contraction rate and mechanical tension of self-exciting cardiac myocytes. Cells were grown either within flexible, circular collagen gels or as monolayer on top of respective 1-mum thin silicone membranes. Membrane and cells were bulged outwards by air pressure. This biaxial strain distribution is rather similar the beating, blood-filled heart. The setup allowed presetting the mechanical residual stress level externally by adjusting the centre deflection, thus, mimicking hypertension in vitro. Tension was measured as oscillating differential pressure change between chamber and environment. A 0.5-mm thick collagen-cardiac myocyte tissue construct induced after 2 days of culturing (initial cell density 2 x 10(4) cells/ml), a mechanical tension of 1.62 +/- 0.17 microN/mm(2). Mechanical load is an important growth regulator in the developing heart, and the orientation and alignment of cardiomyocytes is stress sensitive. Therefore, it was necessary to develop the CellDrum technology with its biaxial stress-strain distribution and defined mechanical boundary conditions. Cells were exposed to strain in two directions, radially and circumferentially, which is similar to biaxial loading in real heart tissues. Thus, from a biomechanical point of view, the system is preferable to previous setups based on uniaxial stretching.
Gerhard Garhofer
; Toke Bek
; Andreas G. Boehm
; Doina Gherghel
; Juan Grundwald
; Peter Jeppesen
; Hélène Kergoat
; Konstantin Kotliar
; Ines Lanzl
; John V. Lovasik
; Edgar Nagel
; Walthard Vilser
; Selim Orgul
; Leopold Schmetterer
The present article describes a standard instrument for the continuous online determination of retinal vessel diameters, the commercially available retinal vessel analyzer. This report is intended to provide informed guidelines for measuring ocular blood flow with this system. The report describes the principles underlying the method and the instruments currently available, and discusses clinical protocol and the specific parameters measured by the system. Unresolved questions and the possible limitations of the technique are also discussed.