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Time-of-flight (ToF) sensors have become an alternative to conventional distance sensing techniques like laser scanners or image based stereo. ToF sensors provide full range distance information at high frame-rates and thus have a significant impact onto current research in areas like online object recognition, collision prevention or scene reconstruction. However, ToF cameras like the photonic mixer device (PMD) still exhibit a number of challenges regarding static and dynamic effects, e.g. systematic distance errors and motion artefacts, respectively. Sensor calibration techniques reducing static system errors have been proposed and show promising results. However, current calibration techniques in general need a large set of reference data in order to determine the corresponding parameters for the calibration model. This paper introduces a new calibration approach which combines different demodulation techniques for the ToF- camera 's reference signal. Examples show, that the resulting combined demodulation technique yields improved distance values based on only two required reference data sets.
The development and analysis of three waveguides for the exposure of small biological in vitro samples to mobile communication signals at 900 MHz (GSM, Global System for Mobile Communications), 1.8 GHz (GSM), and 2 GHz (UMTS, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is presented. The waveguides were based on a fin-line concept and the chamber containing the samples bathed in extracellular solution was placed onto two fins with a slot in between, where the exposure field concentrates. Measures were taken to allow for patch clamp recordings during radiofrequency (RF) exposure. The necessary power for the achievement of the maximum desired specific absorption rate (SAR) of 20 W/kg (average over the mass of the solution) was approximately Pin = 50 mW, Pin = 19 mW, and Pin = 18 mW for the 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2 GHz devices, respectively. At 20 W/kg, a slight RF-induced temperature elevation in the solution of no more than 0.3 °C was detected, while no thermal offsets due to the electromagnetic exposure could be detected at the lower SAR settings (2, 0.2, and 0.02 W/kg). A deviation of 10% from the intended solution volume yielded a calculated SAR deviation of 8% from the desired value. A maximum ±10% variation in the local SAR could occur when the position of the patch clamp electrode was altered within the area where the cells to be investigated were located.
Cheap does not imply cost-effective -- this is rule number one of zeitgeisty system design. The initial investment accounts only for a small portion of the lifecycle costs of a technical system. In fluid systems, about ninety percent of the total costs are caused by other factors like power consumption and maintenance. With modern optimization methods, it is already possible to plan an optimal technical system considering multiple objectives. In this paper, we focus on an often neglected contribution to the lifecycle costs: downtime costs due to spontaneous failures. Consequently, availability becomes an issue.