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- Algal–bacterial bioflm (1)
Institute
- Fachbereich Chemie und Biotechnologie (534) (remove)
Harri Lempiäinen
; Philippe Couttet
; Federico Bolognani
; Arne Müller
; Valérie Dubost
; Raphaëlle Luisier
; Alberto del Rio-Espinola
; Veronique Vitry
; Elif B. Unterberger
; John P. Thomson
; Fridolin Treindl
; Ute Metzger
; Clemens Wrzodek
; Florian Hahne
; Tulipan Zollinger
; Sarah Brasa
; Magdalena Kalteis
; Magali Marcellin
; Fanny Giudicelli
; Albert Braeuning
; Laurent Morawiec
; Natasa Zamurovic
; Ulrich Längle
; Nico Scheer
; Dirk Schübeler
; Jay Goodman
; Salah-Dine Chibout
; Jennifer Marlowe
; Dietlinde Theil
; David J. Heard
; Olivier Grenet
; Andreas Zell
; Markus F. Templin
; Richard R. Meehan
; Roland C. Wolf
; Clifford R. Elcombe
; Michael Schwarz
; Pierre Moulin
; Rémi Terranova
; Jonathan G. Moggs
The molecular events during nongenotoxic carcinogenesis and their temporal order are poorly understood but thought to include long-lasting perturbations of gene expression. Here, we have investigated the temporal sequence of molecular and pathological perturbations at early stages of phenobarbital (PB) mediated liver tumor promotion in vivo. Molecular profiling (mRNA, microRNA [miRNA], DNA methylation, and proteins) of mouse liver during 13 weeks of PB treatment revealed progressive increases in hepatic expression of long noncoding RNAs and miRNAs originating from the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster, a locus that has recently been associated with stem cell pluripotency in mice and various neoplasms in humans. PB induction of the Dlk1-Dio3 cluster noncoding RNA (ncRNA) Meg3 was localized to glutamine synthetase-positive hypertrophic perivenous hepatocytes, sug- gesting a role for β-catenin signaling in the dysregulation of Dlk1-Dio3 ncRNAs. The carcinogenic relevance of Dlk1-Dio3 locus ncRNA induction was further supported by in vivo genetic dependence on constitutive androstane receptor and β-catenin pathways. Our data identify Dlk1-Dio3 ncRNAs as novel candidate early biomarkers for mouse liver tumor promotion and provide new opportunities for assessing the carcinogenic potential of novel compounds.
The use of transgenic animal models has transformed our knowledge of complex biochemical pathways in vivo. It has allowed disease processes to be modelled and used in the development of new disease prevention and treatment strategies. They can also be used to define cell- and tissue-specific pathways of gene regulation. A further major application is in the area of preclinical development where such models can be used to define pathways of chemical toxicity, and the pathways that regulate drug disposition. One major application of this approach is the humanisation of mice for the proteins that control drug metabolism and disposition. Such models can have numerous applications in the development of drugs and in their more sophisticated use in the clinic.
Genetically humanized mice for proteins involved in drug metabolism and toxicity and mice engrafted with human hepatocytes are emerging as promising in vivo models for improved prediction of the pharmacokinetic, drug–drug interaction, and safety characteristics of compounds in humans. This is an overview on the genetically humanized and chimeric liver-humanized mouse models, which are illustrated with examples of their utility in drug metabolism and toxicity studies. The models are compared to give guidance for selection of the most appropriate model by highlighting advantages and disadvantages to be carefully considered when used for studies in drug discovery and development.