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A chip-based amperometric biosensor referring on using the bioelectrocatalytical amplification principle for the detection of low adrenaline concentrations is presented. The adrenaline biosensor has been prepared by modification of a platinum thin-film electrode with an enzyme membrane containing the pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and glutaraldehyde. Measuring conditions such as temperature, pH value, and glucose concentration have been optimized to achieve a high sensitivity and a low detection limit of about 1 nM adrenaline measured in phosphate buffer at neutral pH value. The response of the biosensor to different catecholamines has also been proven. Long-term stability of the adrenaline biosensor has been studied over 10 days. In addition, the biosensor has been successfully applied for adrenaline detection in human blood plasma for future biomedical applications. Furthermore, preliminary experiments have been carried to detect the adrenaline-concentration difference measured in peripheral blood and adrenal venous blood, representing the adrenal vein sampling procedure of a physician.
The manufacturing share of laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) increases in industrial application, but still many process steps are manually operated. Additionally, it is not possible to achieve tight dimensional tolerances or low surfaces roughness. Hence, a process chain has to be set up to combine additive manufacturing (AM) with further machining technologies. To achieve a continuous workpiece flow as basis for further industrialization of L-PBF, the paper presents a novel substrate system and its application on L-PBF machines and post-processing. The substrate system consists of a zero-point clamping system and a matrix-like interface of contact pins to be substantially connected to the workpiece within the L-PBF process.