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The cooling process in induction based crucible melting furnaces for Industrial applications is one of the important and challenging factors in production and safety engineering. Accordingly, proper implementation of the cooling system of the furnace using optimum cooling guides and fail-safe features are critical in order to improve the safety of the process. Regarding this, manufacturing of porous material with high electrical isolation for the drainage segments of the cooling channels is examined in this study. Consequently, various geometries with different porosities using glass and ceramic powder are fabricated using Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) process. The manufactured parts are examined in a prototype furnace testing and the feasibility of the SLS manufacturing of parts for this application is discussed.
Neuromuscular strength training of the leg extensor muscles plays an important role in the rehabilitation and prevention of age and wealth related diseases. In this paper, we focus on the design and implementation of a Cartesian admittance control scheme for isotonic training, i.e. leg extension and flexion against a predefined weight. For preliminary testing and validation of the designed algorithm an experimental research and development platform consisting of an
industrial robot and a force plate mounted at its end-effector has been used. Linear, diagonal and arbitrary two-dimensional motion trajectories with different weights for the leg extension and flexion part are applied. The proposed algorithm is easily adaptable to trajectories consisting of arbitrary six-dimensional poses and allows the implementation of individualized trajectories.
The scope of this study is the measurement of endotoxin adsorption rate for carbonized rice husk. It showed good adsorption properties for LPS. During the batch experiments, several techniques were used and optimized for improving the material’s adsorption behavior. Also, with the results obtained it was possible to differentiate the materials according to their adsorption capacity and kinetic characteristics.
Due to their anion exchange characteristics, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are suitable for the detoxification of aqueous, fatty acid containing fermentation substrates. The aim of this study is to examine the adsorption mechanism, using crude glycerol from plant oil esterification as a model system. Changes in the intercalation structure in relation to the amount of fatty acids adsorbed are monitored by X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy. Additionally, calcination of LDH is investigated in order to increase the binding capacity for fatty acids. Our data propose that, at ambient temperature, fatty acids can be bound to the hydrotalcite by adsorption or in addition by intercalation, depending on fatty acid concentration. The adsorption of fatty acids from crude glycerol shows a BET-like behavior. Above a fatty acid concentration of 3.5 g L−1, intercalation of fatty acids can be shown by the appearance of an increased interlayer spacing. This observation suggests a two phase adsorption process. Calcination of LDHs allows increasing the binding capacity for fatty acids by more than six times, mainly by reduction of structural CO32−.
To fulfil the CO2 emission reduction targets of the European Union (EU), heavy-duty (HD) trucks need to operate 15% more efficiently by 2025 and 30% by 2030. Their electrification is necessary as conventional HD trucks are already optimized for the long-haul application. The resulting hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) truck gains most of the fuel saving potential by the recuperation of potential energy and its consecutive utilization. The key to utilizing the full potential of HEV-HD trucks is to maximize the amount of recuperated energy and ensure its intelligent usage while keeping the operating point of the internal combustion engine as efficient as possible. To achieve this goal, an intelligent energy management strategy (EMS) based on ECMS is developed for a parallel HEV-HD truck which uses predictive discharge of the battery and adaptive operating strategy regarding the height profile and the vehicle mass. The presented EMS can reproduce the global optimal operating strategy over long phases and lead to a fuel saving potential of up to 2% compared with a heuristic strategy. Furthermore, the fuel saving potential is correlated with the investigated boundary conditions to deepen the understanding of the impact of intelligent EMS for HEV-HD trucks.
Traditional vulcanization mold manufacturing is complex, costly, and under pressure due to shorter product lifecycles and diverse variations. Additive manufacturing using Fused Filament Fabrication and high-performance polymers like PEEK offer a promising future in this industry. This study assesses the compressive strength of various infill structures (honeycomb, grid, triangle, cubic, and gyroid) when considering two distinct build directions (Z, XY) to enhance PEEK’s economic and resource efficiency in rapid tooling. A comparison with PETG samples shows the behavior of the infill strategies. Additionally, a proof of concept illustrates the application of a PEEK mold in vulcanization. A peak compressive strength of 135.6 MPa was attained in specimens that were 100% solid and subjected to thermal post-treatment. This corresponds to a 20% strength improvement in the Z direction. In terms of time and mechanical properties, the anisotropic grid and isotropic cubic infill have emerged for use in rapid tooling. Furthermore, the study highlights that reducing the layer thickness from 0.15 mm to 0.1 mm can result in a 15% strength increase. The study unveils the successful utilization of a room-temperature FFF-printed PEEK mold in vulcanization injection molding. The parameters and infill strategies identified in this research enable the resource-efficient FFF printing of PEEK without compromising its strength properties. Using PEEK in rapid tooling allows a cost reduction of up to 70% in tool production.