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Die Länge des bundesdeutschen Kanalnetzes betrug 2016 gemäß einer Umfrage der Deutschen Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V. (DWA) 594.334 Kilometer (Berger et al., 2020). Der spezifische Wiederbeschaffungswert des Kanalnetzes wird in diesen Untersuchungen mit 1.794 Euro/Meter angegeben. Bezogen auf die Ge samtlänge des bundesdeutschen Kanalnetzes ergibt sich somit eine Größenordnung von 1,1 Billionen Euro allein als Wieder beschaf fungswert für die Abwasserkanäle. Wird die Altersverteilung im Kanalnetz betrachtet, so sind rund 33 % der Kanäle älter als 50 Jahre, 15 % älter als 75 Jahre und 8 % sogar älter als 100 Jahre. Insgesamt besteht ein kurz bis mittelfristiger Sanierungsbedarf auf etwa einem Fünftel der Gesamtlänge des öf fentlichen Kanalnetzes (Berger et al., 2020). Hinzu kommt, dass eine fortschreitende Alterung von Abwassersystemen zu beobachten ist und damit die Anpassung der Investitionen zum Werterhalt der Ab wasseranlagen und zur Sicherstellung ihrer Funktionalität notwendig sein wird
Entsprechend § 46 des Landeswassergesetzes Nordrhein-Westfalen müssen Kommunen in Nordrhein-Westfalen alle sechs Jahre ein Abwasserbeseitigungskonzept (ABK) erstellen. Dabei sind erforderliche Maßnahmen zur Beseitigung identifizierter Defizite zu spezifizieren und der erforderliche Finanzbedarf sowie Zeitplan zur Umsetzung dieser Maßnahmen zu konkretisieren. Bei Erstellung des ABK 2021 in Bochum wurde als wesentliche Grundlage eine auf einem Alterungsmodell basierende substanzwertorientierte Betrachtung der Entwässerungsanlagen verwendet. Zudem wurden in besonderem Maß die erwarteten Verän-derungen aufgrund des Klimawandels, verbunden mit vermehrt auftretenden Starkregenereignissen, aber auch länger andau-ernden Hitze- und Trockenperioden sowie den Erfordernissen aus der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, berücksichtigt. Der Erarbei-tungsprozess wurde nicht als klassischer Verwaltungsvorgang angelegt, sondern folgte in beispielhafter Weise den Methoden und Ansätzen eines agilen Verwaltungsprozesses.
Öffentliche Räume und gemeinwohlorientierte Architekturen sind Sozialverdichtungsapparate und zentrale Aushandlungsorte einer selbstbewussten demokratischen Gesellschaft. Zugang und Teilhabe, die kollektive Programmierung über lernende Prozesse und die Einbettung in die alltägliche Handlungspraxis sind zentrale Aspekte bei der Neugestaltung dieser Orte – auch, damit sie als Katalysatoren in den umgebenden Kontext wirken und zu Möglichkeitsräumen für eine noch ungewisse Zukunft werden können.
n Planung und Durchführung von Kanalsanierungsmaßnahmen werden heute umfangreiche und detaillierte Anforderungen gestellt. Neben technischen Aspekten rücken zunehmend auch rechtliche, be triebliche und wirtschaftliche Belange in den Vordergrund. Angesichts der Vielschichtigkeit ist es zweckmäßig, eine Sanierungsstrategie zu entwickeln, die einerseits die systematische und präventive Ausrich tung der Vorgehensweise zur Einhaltung der Schutzziele sicherstellt und andererseits den Mitteleinsatz optimiert. Diese Sanierungsstra tegie ist nach DIN EN 752 (DIN, 2017) und DWAA 14314 (DWA, 2017) gleichermaßen auf den baulichbetrieblichen und den hydraulischen Sanierungsbedarf auszurichten. Zudem soll sie sich nicht auf den aktuellen Zustand des Entwässerungsnetzes beschränken, sondern muss auch zukünftige Anforderungen und Entwicklungen so weit wie möglich berücksichtigen. Um den baulichen Sanierungsbedarf vorausschauend und wirtschaft lich steuern zu können, wird neben der reinen Sicherstellung der Funktion des Entwässerungssystems zunehmend der (langfristige) Erhalt der baulichen Substanz bzw. des Anlagevermögens einbezo gen. Hierfür existieren technisch ausgereifte und etablierte Progno semodelle (vgl. auch DWA, 2012). Hydraulische Aspekte werden ins besondere bei langfristigen Betrachtungen oftmals vernachlässigt oder nur nachrangig berücksichtigt. Dabei stellen der Klimawandel und die zunehmende Flächenversiegelung eine wachsende Heraus forderung für Entwässerungssysteme dar, die bereits heute in der Sanierungsplanung zu berücksichtigen sind. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde in dem durch das NRWUmweltminis terium geförderten Vorhaben „Koordinierte bauliche und hydraulische Sanierung von Entwässerungssystemen (kobahS)“ eine allgemein an wendbare Methodik zur Verschmelzung beider Belange ent wick elt. Dabei wurde besonderer Wert darauf gelegt, dass eine Übertrag barkeit durch freie Verfügbarkeit der verwendeten Daten sowie durch Skalierbarkeit und Unabhängigkeit von der Netzstruktur gesichert ist. Gleichzeitig ermöglicht eine weitgehende Automatisierung der nachfolgend dargestellten Schritte einen möglichst geringen Arbeits und Zeitaufwand. Validiert wurde die Methodik durch Anwendung in zwei unterschiedlich strukturierten Untersuchungsgebieten der Stadt Bochum.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) are widely investigated for biomedical applications in diagnostics (e.g. imaging), therapeutics (e.g. hyperthermia) and general biosensing. For all these applications, the MNPs’ unique magnetic relaxation mechanism in an alternating magnetic field (AFM) is stimulated to induce desired effects. Whereas magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) and magnetic particle imaging (MPI) are the most prominent examples for biomedical application, we investigate the relatively new biosensing application of frequency mixing magnetic detection (FMMD) from a fundamental perspective. Generally, we ask how specific MNP parameters (core size, magnetic anisotropy) influence the signal, specifically we predict the most effective MNP core size for signal generation. In FMMD, simultaneously two AFM are applied: a low-frequency magnetic driving field, driving MNP close to saturation, and a high-frequency excitation field that probes MNP susceptibility: . Resulting from the nonlinear magnetization of the MNP, harmonics of both individual incident frequencies as well as intermodulation products of these frequencies are generated. In this work, we present numerical Monte-Carlo(MC)-based simulations of the MNP relaxation process, solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation to predict FMMD signals: As Figure 1 shows for the first four intermodulation signals , with , we can clearly see that larger core sizes generally increase the signal intensity. Same trend is predicted by a simple Langevin-function based thermal equilibrium model. Both predictions include a lognormal size distribution. The effect of core size distribution presumably dominates the effect of magnetic anisotropy. The findings are supported by comparison with experimental data and help to identify which MNP are best suited for magnetic biosensing applications using FMMD.
Frequency mixing magneticdetection(FMMD) has been widely utilized as a measurement technique in magnetic immunoassays. It can also be used for characterization[1]and distinction[2](also known as “colorization”) ofdifferent types of magnetic nanoparticlesaccording totheircore sizes.It is well known that the large particles contribute most of the FMMD signal. Typically, 90% of the signal stems from the largest 10% of the particles [1]. This leads to ambiguities in core size fitting since thecontribution of thesmall sized particles is almostundetectable among the strong responses from the large ones. In this work, we report on how this ambiguity can be overcome. Magnetic nanoparticle samples from Micromod (Rostock, Germany) were prepared in liquid and filterbound state. Their FMMD response at mixing frequencies f1 ± nf2 to magnetic excitation H(t)=H0+H1sin(2 f1t)+H2sin(2 f2t),with H1=1.3mT/μ0 at f1=40.5kHzandH2=16mT/μ0 at f2=63Hz,was measured as a function ofoffset field strength H0= (0,…,24) mT/μ0.The signal calculated fromLangevin model in thermodynamic equilibrium[1]with a lognormal core size distribution fL(dc,d0, ,A) = Aexp(–ln²(dc/d0)/(2 ²))/(dc (2 )1/2)was fitted to the experimental data. For each choice of median diameter d0, pairs of parameters ( ,A) are found which yield excellent fit results with R²>0.99.All the lognormal core size distributions shown in Figure (a) are compatible with the measurements because their large-size tails are almost equal. However, all distributions have different number of particles and different total iron content. We determined the samples’ total iron mass with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES) and, out of all possible lognormal distributions, determined the one with the same amount of iron. With this additional externally measured parameter, we resolved the ambiguity in core size distribution and determined the parameters (d0, ,A).
Purpose: A precise determination of the corneal diameter is essential for the diagnosis of various ocular diseases, cataract and refractive surgery as well as for the selection and fitting of contact lenses. The aim of this study was to investigate the agreement between two automatic and one manual method for corneal diameter determination and to evaluate possible diurnal variations in corneal diameter.
Patients and Methods: Horizontal white-to-white corneal diameter of 20 volunteers was measured at three different fixed times of a day with three methods: Scheimpflug method (Pentacam HR, Oculus), placido based topography (Keratograph 5M, Oculus) and manual method using an image analysis software at a slitlamp (BQ900, Haag-Streit).
Results: The two-factorial analysis of variance could not show a significant effect of the different instruments (p = 0.117), the different time points (p = 0.506) and the interaction between instrument and time point (p = 0.182). Very good repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC, quartile coefficient of dispersion QCD) was found for all three devices. However, manual slitlamp measurements showed a higher QCD than the automatic measurements with the Keratograph 5M and the Pentacam HR at all measurement times.
Conclusion: The manual and automated methods used in the study to determine corneal diameter showed good agreement and repeatability. No significant diurnal variations of corneal diameter were observed during the period of time studied.
Chromatography is the workhorse of biopharmaceutical downstream processing because it can selectively enrich a target product while removing impurities from complex feed streams. This is achieved by exploiting differences in molecular properties, such as size, charge and hydrophobicity (alone or in different combinations). Accordingly, many parameters must be tested during process development in order to maximize product purity and recovery, including resin and ligand types, conductivity, pH, gradient profiles, and the sequence of separation operations. The number of possible experimental conditions quickly becomes unmanageable. Although the range of suitable conditions can be narrowed based on experience, the time and cost of the work remain high even when using high-throughput laboratory automation. In contrast, chromatography modeling using inexpensive, parallelized computer hardware can provide expert knowledge, predicting conditions that achieve high purity and efficient recovery. The prediction of suitable conditions in silico reduces the number of empirical tests required and provides in-depth process understanding, which is recommended by regulatory authorities. In this article, we discuss the benefits and specific challenges of chromatography modeling. We describe the experimental characterization of chromatography devices and settings prior to modeling, such as the determination of column porosity. We also consider the challenges that must be overcome when models are set up and calibrated, including the cross-validation and verification of data-driven and hybrid (combined data-driven and mechanistic) models. This review will therefore support researchers intending to establish a chromatography modeling workflow in their laboratory.
Architecture is a university subject with educational roots in both the technical university and art/specialized architecture schools, yet it lacks a strong research orientation and is focused on professional expertise. This chapter explores the particular role of research within architectural education in general by discussing two different cases for the implementation of undergraduate research in architecture: during the late 1990s and early 2000s at the University of Sheffield, UK, and during the 2010s at RWTH Aachen University, Germany. These examples illustrate the asynchronous beginnings of similar developments, and also contextualize differences in disciplinary habitus and pedagogical approaches between Sheffield, where research impulses stemmed from within the Architectural Humanities, and Aachen with its strong tradition as a technical university.