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IASSE-2004 - 13th International Conference on Intelligent and Adaptive Systems and Software Engineering eds. W. Dosch, N. Debnath, pp. 245-250, ISCA, Cary, NC, 1-3 July 2004, Nice, France We introduce a UML-based model for conceptual design support in civil engineering. Therefore, we identify required extensions to standard UML. Class diagrams are used for elaborating building typespecific knowledge: Object diagrams, implicitly contained in the architect’s sketch, are validated against the defined knowledge. To enable the use of industrial, domain-specific tools, we provide an integrated conceptual design extension. The developed tool support is based on graph rewriting. With our approach architects are enabled to deal with semantic objects during early design phase, assisted by incremental consistency checks.
To give the exchange of goods and services between the European Union (EU) and the United States (U.S.) new momentum the two parties are currently negotiating the transatlantic free trade agreement Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The aim is to create the largest free trade area in the world. The agreement, once entered into force, will oblige EU countries and the U.S. to further liberalize their markets.
The negotiations on TTIP include a chapter on Electronic Communications/ Telecommunications. The challenge therein will be securing commitments for market access to Electronic Communications services. At the same time, these commitments must reflect the legitimate need for consumer protection issues. The need to reduce Electronic Communications-related non-tariff barriers to trade between the Parties is due to the fact that these markets are heavily regulated. Without transnational rules as to regulations national governments can abuse these regulations to deter the market entry by new (foreign) suppliers. Thus the free trade agreement TTIP affects in many respects regulatory provisions on and access to Electronic Communications markets. The objective of this paper is therefore to examine to what extend the regulatory principles for Electronic Communications markets envisaged under TTIP will result in trade facilitation and regulatory convergence between the EU and the U.S.
As to this question the result of the analysis is that the chapter on Electronic Communications will be an important step towards facilitating trade in Electronic Communications services. At the same time some regulatory convergence will take place, but this convergence will not lead to a (full) harmonization of regulations. Rather the norm, also after TTIP negotiations will have been concluded successfully, will be mutual recognition of different regulatory regimes. Different regulations being the optimal policy response in different market settings will continue to exist. Moreover, it is very unlikely that such regulatory principles for the Electronic Communications sector are a vehicle for a race to the bottom in levels of consumer protection.
Abstract of the authors: In many areas of computer science ontologies become more and more important. The use of ontologies for domain modeling often brings up the issue of ontology integration. The task of merging several ontologies, covering specific subdomains, into one united ontology has to be solved. Many approaches for ontology integration aim at automating the process of ontology alignment. However, a complete automation is not feasible, and user interaction is always required. Nevertheless, most ontology integration tools offer only very limited support for the interactive part of the integration process. In this paper, we present a novel approach for the interactive integration of ontologies. The result of the ontology integration is incrementally updated after each definition of a correspondence between ontology elements. The user is guided through the ontologies to be integrated. By restricting the possible user actions, the integrity of all defined correspondences is ensured by the tool we developed. We evaluated our tool by integrating different regulations concerning building design.
On 1st January 1998, the German telecom market was fully liberalised. Since then genuine competition between market participants has developed, based on a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework that provides for safeguards against unfair competition and market power by Deutsche Telekom. Today, about 10 years after the liberalisation of the telecommunications sector a revision of this regulatory approach has become necessary because at least on three dimensions the situation is quite different from the one 10 years ago: First, with numerous established alternative operators in the market monopolies have been successfully challenged and competition introduced. Second, not only is Cable TV becoming in large parts of Germany a viable alternative for the provision of broadband services but also mobile services are becoming increasingly a substitute for fixed services. Last but not least there are important technological changes under way, requiring huge investments in infrastructure upgrades for next generation networks. In the light of these new developments the question is to which extent the current regulatory approach of severe ex-ante regulatory intervention is still appropriate. Is any part of the network of the former incumbent still a bottleneck? A more light handed regulatory approach might be the right response to this new situation. The paper is organised as follows: The first section will briefly examine the economic rationale for regulating network access. Based on the assumption that regulation is always necessary when bottlenecks exist regulatory principles for an efficient network access regime will be derived. The second section compares the situation of the German market in early 1998 with the one of today. Thereby three dimensions will be considered: the degree of competition, the potential for substitution and technological developments. The third section will define some requirements for the future regulation of telecom markets. Proposals will be elaborated how to ensure competitive telecom markets in the light of new economic and technological challenges.
The sorption of LPS toxic shock by nanoparticles on base of carbonized vegetable raw materials
(2008)
Immobilization of lactobacillus on high temperature carbonizated vegetable raw material (rice husk, grape stones) increases their physiological activity and the quantity of the antibacterial metabolits, that consequently lead to increase of the antagonistic activity of lactobacillus. It is implies that the use of the nanosorbents for the attachment of the probiotical microorganisms are highly perspective for decision the important problems, such as the probiotical preparations delivery to the right address and their attachment to intestines mucosa with the following detoxication of gastro-intestinal tract and the normalization of it’s microecology. Besides that, thus, the received carbonizated nanoparticles have peculiar properties – ability to sorption of LPS toxical shock and, hence, to the detoxication of LPS.
The Scarab Project
(2015)
Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) is an active research
field in the robotics community. Despite recent advances
for many open research questions, these kind of systems are
not widely used in real rescue missions. One reason is that such
systems are complex and not (yet) very reliable; another is that
one has to be an robotic expert to run such a system. Moreover,
available rescue robots are very expensive and the benefits of
using them are still limited.
In this paper, we present the Scarab robot, an alternative
design for a USAR robot. The robot is light weight, humanpackable
and its primary purpose is that of extending the
rescuer’s capability to sense the disaster site. The idea is that a
responder throws the robot to a certain spot. The robot survives
the impact with the ground and relays sensor data such as
camera images or thermal images to the responder’s hand-held
control unit from which the robot can be remotely controlled.
With autonomous mobile robots receiving increased
attention in industrial contexts, the need for benchmarks
becomes more and more an urgent matter. The RoboCup
Logistics League (RCLL) is one specific industry-inspired scenario
focusing on production logistics within a Smart Factory.
In this paper, we describe how the RCLL allows to assess the
performance of a group of robots within the scenario as a
whole, focusing specifically on the coordination and cooperation
strategies and the methods and components to achieve them.
We report on recent efforts to analyze performance of teams in
2014 to understand the implications of the current grading
scheme, and derived criteria and metrics for performance
assessment based on Key Performance Indicators (KPI) adapted
from classic factory evaluation. We reflect on differences and
compatibility towards RoCKIn, a recent major benchmarking
European project.
Structural design analyses are conducted with the aim of verifying the exclusion of ratcheting. To this end it is important to make a clear distinction between the shakedown range and the ratcheting range. In cyclic plasticity more sophisticated hardening models have been suggested in order to model the strain evolution observed in ratcheting experiments. The hardening models used in shakedown analysis are comparatively simple. It is shown that shakedown analysis can make quite stable predictions of admissible load ranges despite the simplicity of the underlying hardening models. A linear and a nonlinear kinematic hardening model of two-surface plasticity are compared in material shakedown analysis. Both give identical or similar shakedown ranges. Structural shakedown analyses show that the loading may have a more pronounced effect than the hardening model.
The Passivhaus building standard is a concept developed for the realization of energy-efficient and economical buildings with a simultaneous high utilization comfort under European climate conditions. Major elements of the Passivhaus concept are a high thermal insulation of the external walls, the use of heat and/or solar shading glazing as well as an airtight building envelope in combination with energy-efficient technical building installations and heating or cooling generators, such as an efficient energy-recovery in the building air-conditioning. The objective of this research project is the inquiry to determine the parameters or constraints under which the Passivhaus concept can be implemented under the arid climate conditions in the Arabian Peninsula to achieve an energy-efficient and economical building with high utilization comfort. In cooperation between the Qatar Green Building Council (QGBC), Barwa Real Estate (BRE) and Kahramaa the first Passivhaus was constructed in Qatar and on the Arabian Peninsula in 2013. The Solar-Institut Jülich of Aachen University of Applied Science supports the Qatar Green Building Council with a dynamic building and equipment simulation of the Passivhaus and the neighbouring reference building. This includes simulation studies with different component configurations for the building envelope and different control strategies for heating or cooling systems as well as the air conditioning of buildings to find an energetic-economical optimum. Part of these analyses is the evaluation of the energy efficiency of the used energy recovery system in the Passivhaus air-conditioning and identification of possible energy-saving effects by the use of a bypass function integrated in the heat exchanger. In this way it is expected that on an annual basis the complete electricity demand of the building can be covered by the roof-integrated PV generator.
One of the most important parameters in a burning chamber - in power stations, in waste to energy plants - is the temperature. This temperature is in the range of 700-1500 °C - one of the most advanced measuring methods being the acoustic pyrometry with the possibility of producing temperature mapping in one level of the burning chamber - comparable to computer tomography. The results of these measurements discussed in the presentation can be used - to fulfil the legal requirements in the FRG or in the EU - to equalise the temperature in one level of the burning chamber to optimise the steam production (better efficiency of the plant) and to minimise the production of temperature controlled flue gas components (NO, CO a. o.) - to control the SNCR-process if used.
Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Multi-level Technology Transfer Infrastructure 2.1 Level 1: University Education – Encourage the Idea of becoming an Entrepreneur 2.2 Level 2: Post Graduate Education – Improve your skills and focus it on a product family. 2.3 Level 3: Birth of a Company – Focus your skills on a product and a market segment. 2.4 Level 4: Ready to stand alone – Set up your own business 2.5 Level 5: Grow to be Strong – Develop your business 2.6 Level 6: Competitive and independent – Stay innovative. 3. Samples 3.1 Sample 1: Laser Processing and Consulting Centre, LBBZ 3.2 Sample 2: Prototyping Centre, CP 4. Funding - Waste money or even lost Money? 5. Conclusion
In this paper, methods of surface modification of different supports, i.e. glass and polymeric beads for enzyme immobilisation are described. The developed method of enzyme immobilisation is based on Schiff’s base formation between the amino groups on the enzyme surface and the aldehyde groups on the chemically modified surface of the supports. The surface of silicon modified by APTS and GOPS with immobilised enzyme was characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The supports with immobilised enzyme (urease) were also tested in combination with microreactors fabricated in silicon and Perspex, operating in a flow-through system. For microreactors filled with urease immobilised on glass beads (Sigma) and on polymeric beads (PAN), a very high and stable signal (pH change) was obtained. The developed method of urease immobilisation can be stated to be very effective.
WS GTaD-2003 - The 1st Workshop on Graph Transformations and Design ed Grabska, E., Seite 6-7, Jagiellonian University Krakow. 2 pages
Study of swift heavy ion modified conduction polymer composites for application as gas sensor
(2006)
A polyaniline-based conducting composite was prepared by oxidative polymerisation of aniline in a polyvinylchloride (PVC) matrix. The coherent free standing thin films of the composite were prepared by a solution casting method. The polyvinyl chloride-polyaniline composites exposed to 120 MeV ions of silicon with total ion fluence ranging from 1011 to 1013 ions/cm2, were observed to be more sensitive towards ammonia gas than the unirradiated composite. The response time of the irradiated composites was observed to be comparably shorter. We report for the first time the application of swift heavy ion modified insulating polymer conducting polymer (IPCP) composites for sensing of ammonia gas.
Recently, the SHARP Corporation, Japan, has developed the world’s first "Plasma Cluster Ions (PCI)" air purification technology using plasma discharge to generate cluster ions. The new plasma cluster device releases positive and negative ions into the air, which are able to decompose and deactivate harmful airborne substances by chemical reactions. Because cluster ions consist of positive and negative ions that normally exist in the natural world, they are completely harmless and safe to humans. The amount of ozone generated by cluster ions is less than 0.01 ppm, which is significantly less than the 0.05-ppm standard for industrial operations and consumer electronics. This amount, thus, has no harming effects whatsoever on the human body. But particular properties and chemical processes in PCI treatment are still under study. It has been shown that PCI in most cases show strongly pronounced irreversible killing effects in respect of airborne microflora due to free-radical induced reactions and can be considered as a potent technology to disinfect both home, medical and industrial appliances.
Smoothed Finite Element Methods for Nonlinear Solid Mechanics Problems: 2D and 3D Case Studies
(2016)
The Smoothed Finite Element Method (SFEM) is presented as an edge-based and a facebased techniques for 2D and 3D boundary value problems, respectively. SFEMs avoid shortcomings of the standard Finite Element Method (FEM) with lower order elements such as overly stiff behavior, poor stress solution, and locking effects. Based on the idea of averaging spatially the standard strain field of the FEM over so-called smoothing domains SFEM calculates the stiffness matrix for the same number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) as those of the FEM. However, the SFEMs significantly improve accuracy and convergence even for distorted meshes and/or nearly incompressible materials.
Numerical results of the SFEMs for a cardiac tissue membrane (thin plate inflation) and an artery (tension of 3D tube) show clearly their advantageous properties in improving accuracy particularly for the distorted meshes and avoiding shear locking effects.
Mit freundlicher Genehmigung der Autoren und des Oldenbourg Industrieverlags https://www.oldenbourg-industrieverlag.de/de/9783835633223-33223 erschienen als Beitrag im Tagungsband zur AALE-Tagung 2012. 9. Fachkonferenz 4.-5. Mai 2012, Aachen, Fachhochschule. ISBN 9783835633223 S 5-1 S. 127-135 Es werden Ergebnisse unterschiedlicher Projekte aus dem Bereich der Simulation von Wärmeübertragungsprozessen mit Excel-VBA vorgestellt. - Thermische Behandlung hochviskoser Fruchtzubereitungen, verschiedene Projekte und Kooperationen mit der Zentis GmbH & Co. KG, Aachen (J. Becker, U. Feuerriegel, G. Wersch). - Untersuchung des dynamischen Verhaltens von dampfbeheizten Ethylen-Verdampfern. Projekt mit der TGE Gas Engineering GmbH, Bonn (M. Ecker, U. Feuerriegel, U. Hoffmann, S. Wittenhorst). - Dynamische Simulation des axialen Temperaturverlaufs von elektrisch beheizten Rohrreaktoren. Kooperation mit dem Institut für Chemische Verfahrenstechnik, TU Clausthal (U. Feuerriegel, U. Kunz, M. Pook, S. Wittenhorst).
8. VDE/ABB-Blitzschutztagung, 29. - 30. Oktober 2009 in Neu-Ulm. Blitzschutztagung <8, 2009, Neu-Ulm> Berlin : VDE Verl. 2009 Großkraftwerke können durch Blitzentladungen mit potentiellen Auswirkungen auf deren Verfügbarkeit und Sicherheit gefährdet werden. Ein sehr spezielles Szenario, welches aus aktuellem Anlass zu untersuchen war, betrifft den kraftwerksnahen Blitzeinschlag in die Hochspannungs-Freileitung am Netzanschluss der Anlage. Wird nun noch ein sogenannter Schirmfehler unterstellt, d.h. der direkte Blitzeinschlag erfolgt in ein Leiterseil des Hoch- bzw. Höchstspannungsnetzes und nicht in das darüber gespannte Erdseil, so bedeutet dies eine extreme elektromagnetische Einwirkung. Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit der Simulation eines solchen Blitzeinschlages und dessen Auswirkungen auf den Netzanschluss und die Komponenten der elektrischen Eigenbedarfsanlagen eines Kraftwerks auf den unterlagerten Spannungsebenen. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse lassen sich ohne Einschränkungen auf Industrieanlagen mit Mittelspannungs-Netzanschluss und ohne eigener Stromversorgung übertragen.
The applicability of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at a non-toxic meniscus-modified silver solid amalgam electrode (m-AgSAE) for the determination of trace amounts of genotoxic substances was demonstrated on the determination of micromolar and submicromolar concentrations of 3-nitrofluoranthene using methanol - 0.01 mol L-1 NaOH (9:1) mixture as a base electrolyte and of Ostazine Orange using 0.01 mol L-1 NaOH as a base electrolyte.
ITCE-2003 - 4th Joint Symposium on Information Technology in Civil Engineering ed Flood, I., Seite 1-12, ASCE (CD-ROM), Nashville, USA In this paper we discussed graph based tools to support architects during the conceptual design phase. Conceptual Design is defined before constructive design; the used concepts are more abstract. We develop two graph based approaches, a topdown using the graph rewriting system PROGRES and a more industrially oriented approach, where we extend the CAD system ArchiCAD. In both approaches, knowledge can be defined by a knowledge engineer, in the top-down approach in the domain model graph, in the bottom-up approach in the in an XML file. The defined knowledge is used to incrementally check the sketch and to inform the architect about violations of the defined knowledge. Our goal is to discover design error as soon as possible and to support the architect to design buildings with consideration of conceptual knowledge.
In: Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2005 2005, Part 4, 207-216, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3698-1_19 The conceptual design at the beginning of the building construction process is essential for the success of a building project. Even if some CAD tools allow elaborating conceptual sketches, they rather focus on the shape of the building elements and not on their functionality. We introduce semantic roomobjects and roomlinks, by way of example to the CAD tool ArchiCAD. These extensions provide a basis for specifying the organisation and functionality of a building and free architects being forced to directly produce detailed constructive sketches. Furthermore, we introduce consistency analyses of the conceptual sketch, based on an ontology containing conceptual relevant knowledge, specific to one class of buildings.
In: Proc. of the 11th Intl. Conf. on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE-XI) ed. Hugues Rivard, Montreal, Canada, Seite 1-12, ACSE (CD-ROM), 2006 Currently, the conceptual design phase is not adequately supported by any CAD tool. Neither the support while elaborating conceptual sketches, nor the automatic proof of correctness with respect to effective restrictions is currently provided by any commercial tool. To enable domain experts to store the common as well as their personal domain knowledge, we develop a visual language for knowledge formalization. In this paper, a major extension to the already existing concepts is introduced. The possibility to define rule dependencies extends the expressiveness of the knowledge definition language and contributes to the usability of our approach.
Die neue Vornorm VDE V 0185 Teil 2 „Risikomanagement: Abschätzung des Schadensrisikos für bauliche Anlagen“ [1] ist seit November 2002 gültig. Sie ermöglicht nicht nur die Ermittlung der Schutzklasse eines Blitzschutzsystems, sondern auch die Untersuchung zur Notwendigkeit anderer Schutzmaßnahmen gegen Blitzeinwirkungen (Überspannungsschutzgeräte in Unterverteilern und/oder an Endgeräten, Schirmung des Gebäudes und/oder interner Räume, Potentialsteuerung, Brandmelde- und Feuerlöscheinrichtungen, etc.) nach objektiven Kriterien und damit in einer für alle Beteiligten grundsätzlich nachvollziehbaren Art und Weise. Dass eine solche Analyse rel. komplex sein muss und der intensiven Beschäftigung bedarf, ist deshalb nicht verwunderlich. Die Komplexität des Verfahrens sollte allerdings nicht dazu führen, die Vornorm als Ganzes abzulehnen. Die Vornorm beruht auf dem Stand der Diskussion im internationalen Normengremium IEC TC81 WG9 Ende des Jahres 2000. Integriert wurden einige nationale Besonderheiten, die aus Sicht des zuständigen Normenkomitees DKE K251 erforderlich erschienen. In Deutschland konnten und können nun erste breite Erfahrungen in der Anwendung dieser Risikoanalyse gesammelt werden; in anderen Ländern ist dies noch nicht möglich. Diese Erfahrungen können dann, nach Diskussion im nationalen Rahmen, in die internationale Normenarbeit eingebracht werden. Im folgenden Beitrag sollen einige, seit Erscheinen der Vornorm oft wiederkehrende Fragen dargestellt und Lösungsvorschläge vorgestellt werden. Dabei wird auch auf die Tendenzen im internationalen Normengremium IEC TC81 WG9 eingegangen, d.h. auf den aktuellen Entwurf zur IEC 62305-2 [3]. Die Lösungsvorschläge werden begründet, sind allerdings weitestgehend subjektive Meinung des Autors. Für übliche bauliche Anlagen ist die Anwendung der Vornorm rel. einfach möglich. Auch für spezielle Fälle können die darin festgelegten Verfahren herangezogen werden; allerdings sind dann einige weiterführende Überlegungen notwendig, die der Planer von Blitzschutzsystemen durchführen muss. Anhand zweier Beispiele soll die Anwendung der VDE V 0185 Teil 2 auf solche speziellen Fälle dargestellt werden.
Alle Unternehmen sind vielfältigen Risiken ausgesetzt, die Finanz- und Betriebsbereiche einschließlich Dienstleistungen betreffen können. Die Firmen müssen üblicherweise Risiken eingehen, um im Wettbewerb bestehen zu können. Entscheidend ist, dass man sich über die Risiken bewusst ist, diese einschätzen und kontrollieren kann. Falsche Einschätzungen, Versäumnisse und Fehlentscheidungen können empfindliche finanzielle Schäden bis hin zum Totalverlust nach sich ziehen. Ein effektives Risikomanagement ist heute als wichtiger Sicherheitsfaktor anzusehen und sollte zur strategischen Unternehmensführung gehören. Ein vorausschauendes Risikomanagement beinhaltet, Risiken für das Unternehmen zu kalkulieren. Es liefert Entscheidungsgrundlagen, um diese Risiken zu begrenzen und es macht transparent, welche Risiken sinnvollerweise über Versicherungen abgedeckt werden sollten. Beim Versicherungsmanagement ist jedoch zu bedenken, dass zur Erreichung bestimmter Ziele Versicherungen nicht geeignet sind (z.B. Erhaltung der Lieferfähigkeit). Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeiten bestimmter Risiken lassen sich durch Versicherungen nicht verändern. Bei Unternehmen, die mit umfangreichen elektronischen Einrichtungen produzieren oder Dienstleistungen erbringen (und das sind heutzutage wohl die meisten), muss auch das Risiko durch Blitzeinwirkungen besondere Berücksichtigung finden. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass der Schaden aufgrund der Nicht-Verfügbarkeit der elektronischen Einrichtungen und damit der Produktion bzw. der Dienstleistung und ggf. der Verlust von Daten den Hardware-Schaden an der betroffenen Anlage oft bei weitem übersteigt. Im Blitzschutz gewinnt innovatives Denken in Schadensrisiken langsam an Bedeutung. Risikoanalysen haben die Objektivierung und Quantifizierung der Gefährdung von baulichen Anlagen und ihrer Inhalte durch direkte und indirekte Blitzeinschläge zum Ziel. Seinen Niederschlag hat dieses neue Denken in der neuen deutschen Norm DIN V 0185-2 VDE V 0185 Teil 2 gefunden. Die hier vorgegebene Risikoanalyse gewährleistet, dass ein für alle Beteiligten nachvollziehbares Blitzschutz-Konzept erstellt werden kann, das technisch und wirtschaftlich optimiert ist, d.h. bei möglichst geringem Aufwand den notwendigen Schutz gewährleisten kann. Die sich aus der Risikoanalyse ergebenden Schutzmaßnahmen sind dann in den weiteren Normenteilen der neuen Reihe VDE V 0185 detailliert beschrieben.
Unser Zuhause wird zunehmend intelligenter. Smart Homes bieten uns die Steuerung von Haus- oder Unterhaltungstechnik bequem vom Smartphone aus. Junge Familien nutzen die Technologie, um mittels vernetzten Babymonitorsystemen ihren Nachwuchs von überall aus im Blick zu haben. Davon auszugehen, dass solche Systeme mit einem Fokus auf Sicherheit entwickelt wurden, um die sehr persönlichen Daten zu schützen, ist jedoch ein Trugschluss. Die Untersuchung eines handelsüblichen und keineswegs billigen Systems zeigt, dass die Geräte sehr einfach kompromittiert und missbraucht werden können.
A solid-state amperometric hydrogen sensor based on a protonated Nafion membrane and catalytic active electrode operating at room temperature was fabricated and tested. Ionic conducting polymer-metal electrode interfaces were prepared chemically by using the impregnation-reduction method. The polymer membrane was impregnated with tetra-ammine platinum chloride hydrate and the metal ions were subsequently reduced by using either sodium tetrahydroborate or potassium tetrahydroborate. The hydrogen sensing characteristics with air as reference gas is reported. The sensors were capable of detecting hydrogen concentrations from 10 ppm to 10% in nitrogen. The response time was in the range of 10-30 s and a stable linear current output was observed. The thin Pt films were characterized by XRD, Infrared Spectroscopy, Optical Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and EDAX.
Quartz crystal nanobalance (QCN) sensors are considered as powerful masssensitive sensors to determine materials in the sub-nanogram level. In this study, a single piezoelectric quartz crystal nanobalance modified with polystyrene was employed to detect benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX compounds). The frequency shift of the QCN sensor was found to be linear against the BTEX compound concentrations in the range about 1-45 mg l-1. The correlation coefficients for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were 0.991, 0.9977, 0.9946 and 0.9971, respectively. The principal component analysis was also utilized to process the frequency response data of the single piezoelectric crystal at different times, considering to the different adsorption-desorption dynamics of BTEX compounds. Using principal component analysis, it was found that over 90% of the data variance could still be explained by use of two principal components (PC1 and PC2). Subsequently, the successful identification of benzene and toluene was possible through the principal component analysis of the transient responses of the polystyrene modified QCN sensor. The results showed that the polystyrene-modified QCN had favorable identification and quantification performances for the BTEX compounds.
Concept, scientific research and managerial applications of Provocative Coaching, according to the „Provocative Therapy“ of Prof. Dr. Frank Farrelly (University of Wisconsin, U.S.A) in terms of an application of the Provocative Communication Style in specific situations of practical leadership, especially in the role of a coach for their subordinates.
In: Technical feasibility and reliability of passive safety systems for nuclear power plants. Proceedings of an Advisory Group Meeting held in Jülich, 21-24 November 1994. - Vienna , 1996. - Seite: 43 - 55 IAEA-TECDOC-920 Abstract: It is shown that the difficulty for probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) is the general problem of the high reliability of a small population. There is no way around the problem as yet. Therefore what PFM can contribute to the reliability of steel pressure boundaries is demonstrated with the example of a typical reactor pressure vessel and critically discussed. Although no method is distinguishable that could give exact failure probabilities, PFM has several additional chances. Upper limits for failure probability may be obtained together with trends for design and operating conditions. Further, PFM can identify the most sensitive parameters, improved control of which would increase reliability. Thus PFM should play a vital role in the analysis of steel pressure boundaries despite all shortcomings.